lore; they possess a remarkable form-sense, and are skillful in ornamental work. Their art has been treated by Prof. A. C. Haddon, in his Evolution in Art (London, 1895). The religion of the Papuans includes ancestor-worship, shamanism, ‘temple-cults,’ and spiritism. Among their customs are head-hunting, vendettas, secret societies, and the duk-duk of New Britain. In intellectual ability the Papuans are ranked above the Australians and below the African negroes. The chief Papuan tribes of New Guinea are the peoples about Geelvink Bay and its islands; the Arfaks of the extreme western interior—the Karons of the Arfak Hills are by some said to be Negritos; the Onimes of Maclure Inlet, and farther south, the Kovai; the Talandjang of Humboldt Bay; in German New Guinea the peoples of Astrolabe Bay, Finschhafen, the Bismarck Archipelago; in British New Guinea the tribes in the region of the Fly River (Daudai, Kiwai, etc.), and the Gulf of Papua (Orokolo, Toaripi), the tribes of the southeastern interior (Koitapu, Kupele), the Moresby region and the terminal peninsula (Kerepunu, Loyalupu, Aroma, Massim), the peoples of the Entrecasteaux and Louisiade archipelagoes (Samarai, etc.). Papuans are also to be found on the Aru group and the islands of Salawatti, Waigu, etc., to the northwest of New Guinea, and there are probably Papuan elements in the population of the Ke and Tenimber islands, and some slight traces elsewhere in Malaysia.
History. The name Guinea, derived from the name of a large negro kingdom, Ganuya, was applied by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century to the territory of the Senegal in West Africa. The Spanish explorer Iñigo Ortiz de Rez in 1545 gave the name New Guinea to the large island north of Australia on account of the physical resemblance of its inhabitants, in his opinion, to the natives of West Africa. The island was seen and reported by Dabreu in 1511, but the first European to land was Menezes in 1526, when he named it Papua after the local designation of the natives. During succeeding centuries it was visited by most of the Polynesian explorers despite the efforts of the Dutch to bar the passage to lands beyond their Molucca Islands. From 1815 to 1873 several Dutch and English hydrographic expeditions surveyed the coast, and Dutch and English missions were established respectively at Geelvink Bay and the Gulf of Papua. The inhabitants were divided into a number of petty independent tribes, over whom feudatory rights were claimed by the Moslem chiefs of small neighboring islands. The presumed rights of one of these, the Sultan of Tidore, were acquired by the Dutch and led to their expedition of annexation in 1828. In 1883 the Ministry of Queensland, Australia, proclaimed the annexation to that colony of the eastern half of New Guinea; the British Government promptly disavowed the act, but in 1884 established a protectorate over the south coast. A short time after the British occupation of the south coast, the German Government took possession of the northeast, together with the Bismarck Archipelago.
Bibliography. General: Descriptive. D'Albertis, New Guinea (London, 1880); Meyners d'Estrey, La Paponasie: ou Nouvelle Guinée occidentale (Paris, 1881); Haga, Nederlands-Nieuw Guinea en de Papoesche eilanden, 1500-1883 (The Hague, 1885); Romilly, The Western Pacific and New Guinea (London, 1886); Lindt, Picturesque New Guinea (London, 1887); Macfarlane, Among the Cannibals of New Guinea (London, 1888); Thomson, British New Guinea (London, 1892); Macgregor, British New Guinea (London, 1897); Cayley-Webster, Through New Guinea and the Cannibal Countries (ib., 1898); Krieger, Neuguinea (Berlin, 1899); Blum, Neuguinea und der Bismarck-Archipel (Berlin, 1900), which has an excellent bibliography; Tappenbeck, Deutsch Neuguinea (London, 1901); Abel, Savage Life in New Guinea (London, 1902).
Travel and Exploration. Powell, Wanderings in a Wild Country (London, 1883); Strachan, Explorations and Adventures in New Guinea (ib., 1888); Bevan, Toil, Travel, and Discovery in British New Guinea (ib., 1890); Zoller, Deutsch Neuguinea (Stuttgart, 1891); Nisbet, A Colonial Tramp: Travels in Australia and New Guinea (London, 1896); Chalmers, Pioneer Work and Adventures in New Guinea, 1877-94 (London, 1896); Hesse-Wartegg, Samoa, Bismarck-Archipel und Neuguinea (Leipzig, 1902).
Ethnology. Earl, Papuans (London, 1853); Finsch, Neuguinea und seine Bewohner (Berlin, 1869); id., Ethnologische Erfahrungen und Belegstücke aus der Südsee (Vienna, 1893); Bastian, Der Papua des dunkeln Inselreiches im Lichte psychologischer Forschung (Berlin, 1885); Riedel, De sluiken proeshange Rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua (The Hague, 1886); Uhle, Holz- und Bambusgeräthe aus Nord-West Neuguinea (Leipzig, 1886); Codrington, The Melanesian Languages (Oxford, 1885); id., The Melanesians (London, 1891); Finsch, Reisen in Kaiser Wilhelms Land und Englisch Neu-Guinea (Leipzig, 1888); Meyer and Parkinson, Album von Papua-Typen (Leipzig, 1894-1901); Hagen, Anthropologischer Atlas ostasiatischer und melanesischer Völker (Wiesbaden, 1898); id., Unter den Papuas (ib., 1899); Haddon, Head Hunters, Black, White, and Brown (London, 1902). Consult also: Lyne, New Guinea (London, 1885); Gould, Birds of New Guinea and Papuan Islands (2d ed., London, 1887-88); Schumann and Lauterbach, Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee (London, 1900); and for bibliography, Supplementary Papers of the Royal Geographical Society (London, 1884).
NEWHALL, nū′ha̤l, Charles Stedman (1842—) . An American naturalist and author of juvenile books. He was born in Boston; studied at Amherst (1869) and at the Union Theological Seminary; soon left the ministry for educational work; and then became United States assistant special forest agent and superintendent of the forest reserves of northern and central California. Newhall wrote: A History of Fall River, Mass. (1862); various juveniles, including: Harry's Trip to the Orient (1885) and Ruthie's Story (1888); and the following works on botany: Trees of Northeastern America (1892); Shrubs of Northeastern America (1893); Leaf Collector's Handbook and Herbarium (1892); and Vines of Northeastern America (1897).
NEW HAMP′SHIRE (popularly called the ‘Granite State’). A North Atlantic State of the United States, belonging to the New England group. It lies between latitudes 42° 40′ and 45° 18′ N., and between longitudes 70° 37′ and 72° 37′ W. It is bounded on the north by the Cana-
