branch of the Illinois Central Railroad (Map: Indiana, B 4). It has the free library of the Workingmen's Institute with some 15,000 volumes, founded in 1838. There are flouring and planing mills, brick works, and minor industries. Population, in 1890, 1197; in 1900, 1341.
New Harmony was settled in 1805 by a community of Harmonists (q.v.), who, in 1824, sold out to Robert Owen and moved to Economy, Pa. In 1825 Owen organized a ‘Preliminary Society,’ and invited here ‘the industrious and well disposed of all nations.’ There was to be a community of goods according to age, religious worship was to be replaced by a series of ‘moral lectures,’ and children, when two years of age, were to be taken from their parents and educated by trained teachers. Within a few months the village became a ‘scene of idleness and revelry,’ but in 1826 Owen returned, and for a time the settlement prospered. Later in the year, disagreements arising, the original community separated to form three communities—New Harmony, Maclure, and Feiba Pevla—and in a short time the whole experiment was abandoned. William Maclure, one of the original leaders, then bought part of the land and founded a ‘school of industry,’ which after a short time was discontinued. Consult Lockwood, The New Harmony Communities (Marion, Ind., 1902).
NEWHA′VEN. A seaport town in Sussex, England, on the English Channel at the mouth of the Ouse, 8½ miles east of Brighton (Map: England, G 6). Its importance is to be measured by its shipping trade and not by its population. It is a bonding port with a well-equipped harbor, a large coasting trade, and bi-diurnal communication with Dieppe, France, 64 miles to the southeast. The average annual value of its imports and exports is $70,000,000. The principal articles of export are woolen, cotton, silk, and hat manufactures, leather, silver plate, pictures, paper, machinery and mill work, cycles, hardware and cutlery, chemical products, etc.; the imports include agricultural produce and provisions of all kinds, cotton, woolen, silk, and linen manufactures, gloves, india-rubber goods, glassware, spirits, sugar, tobacco, and timber. It is a terminus of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, a coast guard station, and is protected by a large modern fort. Its twelfth-century Norman church is archæologically interesting. Population, in 1891, 4995; in 1901, 6772.
NEW HAVEN. The county-seat of New Haven County, Conn., and the largest city of the State, situated at the head of New Haven Bay, four miles from Long Island Sound, and on the main line and several leased lines of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, 73 miles east by north of New York and 36 miles distant from Hartford, the State capital (Map: Connecticut, D 4).
New Haven is widely known as the ‘City of Elms’—these famous trees bordering many of the streets and surrounding ‘The Green,’ a public square in the heart of the town as originally laid out. The city occupies about 22½ square miles on a level plain, bounded east and west by the Quinnipiac and West rivers, and inclosed by hills, two spurs of which, East Rock and West Rock, rise to a height of 360 and 400 feet, respectively, and command fine views. East Rock is the picturesque point in an attractive park, its summit crowned by a Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, while on the slope of West Rock is Judge's Cave, where the two regicides, Goffe and Whalley, lay in concealment for a time. There are parks overlooking the harbor and other smaller inclosures, the entire public park system comprising 1100 acres. The city has some 200 miles of streets, about 70 miles of which are paved, a large proportion with macadam, and drained by 95 miles of sewers. New Haven is the seat of Yale University (q.v.), which, with its buildings and its historical and educational prominence, is the chief attraction. There are other noteworthy educational institutions, namely, Hopkins Grammar School (founded in 1660), Hillhouse High School, Boardman Manual Training School, and a State normal school. The more important charitable institutions include the New Haven and Grace hospitals, and Saint Francis (Roman Catholic) and New Haven orphan asylums. The Public Library contains more than 52,000 volumes, and there are also valuable collections belonging to the American Oriental Society, New Haven Colony Historical Society, New Haven Orphan Asylum, State Board of Health, and the Young men's Institute. Among other features are several churches built in the early years of the nineteenth century, and the old burying-ground in Grove Street, in which are the graves of Noah Webster, Timothy Dwight, B. Silliman, Eli Whitney, Samuel F. B. Morse, Theodore Winthrop, Presidents Day, Woolsey, and Porter, James D. Dana, and W. D. Whitney.
The commercial interests of the city lie in a distributing and coastwise trade, the latter being facilitated by an excellent natural harbor, which has been greatly improved, and which was once the scene of extensive shipbuilding. New Haven ranks first among the industrial centres of the State. Its manufactures, representing, according to the census of 1900, an invested capital of $30,463,000, and having an annual production valued at $40,762,000, include carriages, clocks, firearms and ammunition, rubber goods, corsets, hardware, foundry and machine-shop products, slaughtering and meat-packing products, boxes, etc. There are also large railroad repair shops.
New Haven is the name borne by three distinct administrative corporations—the city, town, and school district of New Haven—the town being coextensive with the limits of the city; thus New Haven maintains a town and a city government. The city government is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, a bicameral council, and in administrative officers, the majority of whom are appointed by the executive, but with the following exceptions: assistant city clerk, elected by the council; and city clerk, controller, sheriff, treasurer, and collector of taxes, chosen by popular vote. New Haven spends annually, in maintenance and operation, about $1,415,000: the principal items of expense being $380,000 for schools, $190,000 for the police department, $150,000 for interest on debt, $140,000 for the fire department, $90,000 for street cleaning and sprinkling, $80,000 for municipal lighting, and $75,000 for charitable institutions. The assessed valuation of property, real and personal, is more than $115,000,000, including exemptions, and the bonded debt is over $3,750,000.
Population, in 1800, 4049; in 1850, 20,345; in 1870, 50,840; in 1880, 62,882; in 1890, 81,298; in
