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NEWMAN. 457 NEWMAN. I The I'hytologist, to which he contributed from 1S41 to 1854, and from 1858 until his death he was the natural history editor of the Field. Among his works are: Oruinmar of Entonioloyy (2d ed. 1841) ; History of liriti^h Firms (1840), an accurate work, illustrated by the author and subsequently greatly enlarged; liirdsnesting (18U1); an edition of Jlontagu's Dictionary of British Birds (1866); Illustrated History of British Moths (1869) ; and of Butterflies (1870- 71). His contributions to the Field contain some of the first work done in economic en- tomology. Newman was one of the last of those general naturalists who have now given way to the specialist. NEWMAN, Francis (?-1660). An English culonist in America, Governor of Xew Haven Colony in 1658-59. He was born in England, and emigrated to New Hampsliire in 1638, but after a few months removed to the Connecticut Valley, and became prominent in the affairs of the colony at New Haven. There he served as an ensign and lieutenant in the colonial militia or trained bands (1642-45), as secretary of the colony under Governor Theophilus Eaton ( 1646- 47), and as a magistrate and assistant in 1653. In the latter year he was one of the conunission- ers sent from the Connecticut River towns to Manhattan to demand satisfaction of Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Netherlands, for injuries sustained by the English colonists at the hands of the Dutch. In July, 1654, he became one of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England, and in May, 1658, lie succeeded Eaton as Governor of the Xew Haven Colony, re- taining the office until September, 1659. NEWMAN, Francis William (1805-97). An English scholar and writer, brother of .John Henry Newman. He was born in London, June 27, 1805, and, with his brothers, attended the school at Ealing. Thence he passed to Worcester College, Oxford, and in 1826 obtained a fellow- ship in Balliol College. He withdrew from the universitj' in 1830, declining the subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles. After a tour in the East he was appointed classical tutor in Bristol College (1834). In 1840 he accepted a similar professorship in Manchester New Col- lege, and in 1846 was appointed to the chair of Latin in University College, London, which he licid till 1869. During all tliis time he wa-s an active contributor to literary and scientific peri- odicals, and maintained a leading part in the controversies on religion, in which he took the lino directly opposite to that chosen by his elder brother, being no less ardent as a disciple of the ixtreme rationalistic school than John Henry Newman of the dogmatical. These opinions, and the system founded upon them, form the subject of his work. Phases of Faith, or Passages from the History of My Creed (1850) ; and the book ?onstitutes a religious autobiography, recounting Newman's transformation from a Calvinist to a rationalistic tlicist. In 1849 he had ]nililished The Soul, its >S'orro-»'.s and its Aspirations, a sym- pathetic though trenchant examination of man's spiritual nature in its relation to God. Probably for these two books, strongly personal and ear- nest and less eccentric than most of his other writings, Newman will be best remembered. He was extraordinarily versatile and treated his many subjects with marked enthusiasm and ability. Of his many publications, those re- garding religious controversy, besides the two already mentioned, include: Catholic Cnion: Es- says Touurds a Church of the Future (1844) ; A .State Church .ot Defensible (1845). Political and social topics are leprcseuted by: lladical Jieforms, Financial and Oryanic (1848) ; Lectures on Political Economy (1851) ; On the Utale Pro- vision for Vice (1871) ; Remedies for the Great Social Evil (1889) ; Europe of the Near Future (1871). A large number are devoted to his- torical, classical, and scientific subjects, the most important of which are: Contrasts of Ancient and Modern History (1847); translations into 'unrhymed metre' of the Odes of Horace (1853) and the Iliad of Homer (1856); a treatise on Difficulties of Elementary Ceomctry (1841); Handbook of Modern Arabic (1866)^ Orthoepy (1869); Miscellanies (1869-89); Dictionary of Modem Arabic (1871); Early History of Car- dinal Newman ( 1891 ) . He died at Weston-super- Mare, October 4, 1897. NEWMAN, Hknry Roderick (1833—). An American water-color painter, born in New York City. He gave up the study of Medicine, to be- come an arti.st, at the age of eighteen years. He went to France in 1870, and. after' traveling through Switzerland, settled in Venice (1871), and later removed his studio to Florence. Rus- kin has expressed admiration for his works, which are good in techni<iue. They consist mostly of architectural, landscape, and flower pieces. "Venice," "Tuscan Spring," "The Florence Ca- thedral," and "The Gulf of Spezia" are among his most celebrated paintings. His other works in- clude: "A Study of Pink and White Oleanders," "Grapes and Olives," "Flowers," and "An .Archi- tectural Study." NEWMAN, .ToHN Henry (1801-90). An English religious leader, first in the Church of England and later in the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in London. February 21. 1801. and educated first at a private school at Ealing, then at Trinitj' College, Oxford, which he entered when he was not quite sixteen. He won a scholarship two years later, and took his degree in 1820. In 1822 he was elected to a fellowship at Oriel, then the highest distinction of Oxford scholarship, which brought him into close rela- tions with many of the most distinguished men of the time; among them was a brother fellow, Edward Bouverie Pusey, with whom he was to be most closely associated in the work of the Oxford Movement. He was ordained deacon in 1824, and combined with his college position the curacy of Saint Clcnicnt's Church. A year later, his friend 'hatcly having become principal of Saint Alban's Hall. Newman was made vice- principal, but resigned the appointment on being named tutor in his own college (1826). In 1828, on the election of Hawkins as provost of Oriel (partly through Newman's influence, though Kelile was also :i candidate), Newman succeeded him as vicar of Saint Mary's, the university church, and the position which he thus gained gave him a commanding power, by the wonderful sermons which he preached in this pulpit, over a whole generation. He resigned his tutorship in 1832. owing to differences with Hawkins as to college arrangements. He made his first visit to the Continent soon afterward and returned in time to hear Keble's famous assize sermon on National Apostasy (July 14. 1833), which he al- ways considered as the actual origin of the