and commercial schools were afterwards added. The degrees of bachelor of arts and pedagogy, of master of arts and sciences, and of doctor of philosophy are conferred. The Hadley Climatological Laboratory is an organization for research especially with reference to the influence of the climate of the arid and plateau region of the United States upon disease. The students in 1902 numbered 150 and the faculty twelve. The library contained about 5000 volumes. The campus contains the Administration Hall, Hadley Science Hall, the gymnasium, and the Ladies' Cottage. The total value of property under control of the college in 1902 was $75,000. Its endowment consisted of 243,000 acres of public land and 150,000 acres of saline land, and the income was 15,000.
NEW MEXICO COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS. A coeducational State institution at Mesilla Park, N. M., established in 1889. It is supported mainly by a Territorial tax and by the Morrill and Hatch funds. The moneys received from the Federal Government amount to $40,000 annually. In 1902 its income from all sources was $48,147, its grounds and buildings were valued at $45,000 and the whole amount of college property at $100,500. The library contained 10,000 volumes. The instructors, of whom six were women, numbered twenty-five, and there were 163 collegiate and special students, and 144 in the preparatory department.
NEW MIL′FORD. A town, including several villages, and a county-seat of Litchfield County, Conn., 15 miles north of Danbury; on the Housatonic Kiver, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Connecticut, B 3). It has a public library with about 3400 volumes, and Rectory and Ingleside schools. both Protestant Episcopal. There are several large tobacco warehouses, and manufactories of hats, carbonized stone and sewer pipe, lime, pottery, and paints. Population, in 1890, 3917; in 1900, 4804.
NEW MODEL, The. The name of the Parliamentary Army in the great English Civil War, after its reorganization under the ordinance of February 15, 1645. The pattern was provided by Cromwell's Ironsides. There was no longer to be a division of responsibility, but all authority was concentrated in the hands of the new commander-in-chief, Lord Thomas Fairfax (q.v.). Cromwell became the lieutenant-general. Parliament had freed the army from Essex and Manchester by the Self-Denying Ordinance (q.v.). Consult Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War, vol. i. (London, 1886). See Cromwell, Oliver.
NEWNAN, nū′nan. A city and the county-seat of Coweta County, Ga., 39 miles south by west of Atlanta; on the Atlanta and West Point and the Central of Georgia railroads (Map: Georgia, B 2). It is the centre of a productive fruit-growing and farming region, and has a large trade in cotton. The chief industrial establishments include canning and cigar factories, cotton and cottonseed oil mills, foundries and machine shops, and manufactories of phosphates, fertilizers, etc. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2859; in 1900, 3654.
NEW NETH′ERLAND. The original name of the Dutch colony afterwards called New York.
NEWNHAM COLLEGE. An institution for the higher education of women, situated at Cambridge, England. It had its inception in the amalgamation in 1880 of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in Cambridge, organized in 1873, with the Newnham Hall Company, opened in 1875. As early as 1871 five women students came to Cambridge to study under the direction of Miss Clough, subsequently principal of Newnham College. This number increased to twenty-five by 1874. The growth of the college has continued steadily, and in 1902 it included North Hall, established in 1880; Clough Hall, 1888; and the Pfeiffer Building, 1893. The library contains about 8000 volumes. The attendance in 1902 was 174. The faculty included 15 resident and 37 non-resident tutors. With certain restrictions the students have since 1881 enjoyed all the scholastic privileges offered at the University of Cambridge. Their names appear in the tripos or honor list in the university calendar. They do not, however, receive degrees, but are granted certificates instead.
NEW ORLEANS, ôr′lē̇anz. The largest city in Louisiana, and, with the exception of Natchitoches, the oldest. It is situated on both banks of the Mississippi, 107 miles from its mouth, in latitude 29° 58′ N., and longitude 90° 04′ W. (Map: Louisiana, F 4). Its distance from Washington in direct line is 960 miles; from Saint Louis by rail, 639; and from Chicago by rail, 923. The city proper occupies a strip of land between the river and Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, with the latter of which it is connected by two canals. The corporate limits of the city embrace the whole parish of Orleans and a portion of Jefferson on the right bank (the town of Algiers, or Fifth District). The official boundaries thus inclose an area of 191 square miles, though the inhabited portion covers only about 37 square miles. The city lies about ten feet below the level of the Gulf, and is so far below the level of high water in the Mississippi that it is protected from overflows by levees twenty feet high in places. Its sobriquet, the ‘Crescent City,’ is derived from the fact that the original city followed the curve of the river in front of the old Place D'Armes; but as the inhabited portion has been gradually extended, its shape more nearly resembles the letter S. It has a frontage of more than twelve miles on the river, which is about half a mile wide in front of Canal Street and from 40 to 200 feet deep.
Canal Street, 200 feet broad, is the great business thoroughfare, and cuts the city in two, the portion below being known as the French Quarter, or Vieux Carré, and the portion above as the American Quarter. The French portion, with its narrow streets, its occasional tiled roofs, its old cathedral, its Spanish city hall or Cabildo, and its porte-cochères, is far more picturesque than the American Quarter, which contains the great business houses, the banks, and also the handsomest private dwellings. In the French Quarter, however, many beautiful residences, surrounded by flowers and semi-tropical plants, are to be seen on Esplanade Avenue. Here dwell the old Creole families, descendants of the early French or Spanish settlers; here French is still spoken
