MOSAIC. 44 MOSCHELES. moilcrii centre of iinportance. These modern artisans, in tlieir restorations of medieval mo- sairs. have done immense damage by trying to 'improve' on the originals, setting the cubes closer together and willi greater regularity and smoothness, thus ruining their art. They have long since abandoned the method of working directly on the wall, which had previously been luiiversal, and they either set the cubes, face up, in portable compartments, which when tilled are covered with linen prepared with glue and then transferred to the wall, the linen or paper being then wet an<l removed, or else they set the cubes, face down, directly on the ailhesive paper or linen, on which the design is marke<l, with similar frames, and then ellect the transfer to the prepared wall. Hiisi.ioiiii.viMiY. The subject of mosaics is well treated in oltmann and Woermann, lliKtory of I'ainliity ( Kng. trans. New York. ISSD) : a good' general monograph is (ierspach, La iiio.f(i'i<iue (Paris, 1885) . The techni(|Ue is carefully ilescribed by E. Milntz in La mosak/ue chn'-ticnnc ( I'aris, 1893). All the mosaics of the Roman churches are reproduced in large colored plates and de- scribed by De Kossi, Musdici cristiani di lioma (Rome. 187(i-04). The same has been done for those of .Saint Mark's in Venice by Organia in /.(( hnsilicd di .S'. .l/((reo (Venice. 1881-88) : for Monreale by Gravina, II diiomo di Monrnilr (Pa lernio, 18/>!)). All the figured mosaics earlier (ban A.I). 000 arc outlined and described in Carrucci. Slorin dril' arte crifiliuita ( Prato, 18T.'i-Sl). Consvilt also: Pohl, Die alirhrinlliclir Frislco- uiid Mosnilmalerci (Leipzig, 1888), and Kurth, Die Moaaiken der cliriKllirhen A(-i<i (ib., 1002 et seq.). MOSAIC DISEASE. 8ee Tobacco. MOSAIC 'WOOL. See Rigs. MOSASAU'RIA (Neo-Lat., from Lat. Mosa, the rivc^r Meusc + (ik. iroCpos. xdiirox, lizard). An order of e.xtinct marine reptiles — the Pytho- nomorpha of Cope. The reptiles possessed the slcnilerness of a snake combined with strong paddles, .such as those of the whale, together with many lizard-like characters. The first specimen of a nearly -ijcrfect head skeleton was discoveri'd in 1780 in the upper chalk of Saint Pietersberg. in Holland, on the Meuse River. A few other specimens have been found in (he Cretaceous of Knglan<l aiul Europe. In North America this re])tile seems to have attained its most nourishing existence, for over fifty species, incbidid in several genera, have been found. The Cretaceous of New .Tersey has yielded fif- teen species. The Yale College eidlection con- tains a great lunnber of specimens. .1/o.w.sinn-H.'! /)n'»c<;j.v from New .Tersey is estimated to have iiecii 40 feet long, and Tillo.inunix dtispehir from Kansas «a-i aliout .'iO feel in lengtli. Consult: Marsh, "Cretaceous Vertebrates of the West." Viiilrd Sliitr.i drolnpicnl iS'i/rrri/ Reporln (Wash- ington, IST.")) : T.iiens, Animals of Ihr Past (New- York. lOOll. MOSBY, nir.zlil, .ToiiN Sinoi.eton (183."?—). .
.Vmeriean soldier in the Confederate service,
born at Kdgemont. Powhatan County. Va. He was educated at the I'liivcrsity of VirL'inia. studied law. and was practicing his profession at Uristol, Washington Comity. a,. at the outbreak of the Civil War. .fler s<■r^•ing under .Toscph E. Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley, in the win- ter of 1801-G2, he was appointed by Gen. J. E. B. Stuart an independent scout, and guided that ollicer's cavalry in a bold raid in the I'ear of ilcClellan's army on the Chickahominy, in June, 18G2. Returning to Richmond after a' short captivity early in lSt)3. Mosby recruited an inde- liendent bod,v of cavalrv for scouting and raid- ing purposes, and he then began his remarkable career as a 'partisan' leader of an irregular force known as rangers, with which, until the close of hostilities, he operated in Virginia and -Maryland. His force was subsetpiently organized as a regular branch of the Confederate service as the Forty-third Battalion of Virginia Cavalry. His most brilliant exploit was the capture, in March. 18(i3, of Hrigadier-General Stough- ton, U.S.A., at that oflieer's head(piarters at Fair- fax Courthouse, which he accomplished by a raid insi<le the Federal lines. Promoted to be major as a reward for this capture, he followed Lee's army into Penns.vlvania in June' 1863, and worried the Hanks of the Federal army as it moved southward after Gettysburg. In .lanu- ary, 1804, he was repulsed with considerable loss in a night attack on Harper's Ferry. In Jlay he harassed the rear of Grant's army as it advanced on lrcdcrieksburg. and later made a long raid in ilarvland. In August he made one of the most im[)ortant captures of his career, consisting of Sheridan's entire supply train, which he surprised near Uerryville. The loss was such a heavy one to Sheridan as to compel him to fall back on Harper's Ferry. In Septem- ber he was wounded at Falls Church, Init in the following month was again in the saddle, cap- ture<l two Federal paymasters with .•fiHiS.OOO in greenbacks, tore u]i the liallimorc and Ohio Rail- way tracks, destroyed rolling stock and made a prisoner of Brigadier-General Duffi<^. In De- cend)cr. IS04. he was promoted to be colonel. After being disabled for a short time by a wound, he continm'<l his oi)erations until Lee's surrender, when he disbanded his troops, gave himself up, and by ( Icneral tirant's intercession was paroled. .fter the war he ojiened a law olhce at Warren- ton. 'a.. and became a mcnd)er of the Repub- lican Party, which he thought could best settle the ipiestion of rci'onst ruction satisfactorily. From 1S7S to 1885 he was I'nited States Consul at Hong Kong. On his return to .ineriea he established himself in law ])ractice in San Fran- cisco. He published an account of his exidoits entitled War I't'iiiinixccnres (1887). Consult also: Scott. Partinan Life irith Mosbti (New York. 1807): Crawford. Moshji and His Men (18(i7): Williamson, .Mosltt/'s Ranarrs (New York. 180ti). MOSCHELES. uuVsIk -les. Feu.x (1833-). .
I'.nglish painter and author. He was born
in London, and studied art in Paris and undiT Van Lerius in Antwerp. Afterwards he exhibit- ed in .Antwerp, at the Paris Salon, and at the .eademy and New Gallery in London. His works include genre scenes and portraits of Maz- zini. Gounod. Browning. l!ibiiistein. Stanley, and exPri'sident (Cleveland. He wrote: reli.v Meiiililxsolni's Letters lei Ifina: and Vhiirlntte Miisrhiles (ISSS) ; hi liohemia nilli llii Maiirirr (1807): and I'rafimenis of an .Xutuhiiiiirnphii (1800). He also wrote pamphlets on the subject of internal iomil arbitration and peace associa- tions, 8uch as Patriotism as nn Incentive to War- fare.
