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NEWTON. 491 NEWTOWN ARDS. lie was born in Pliiladelphia. He studied at the University of Peiins3lvania and Pliiliidolpliia Divinity School, and was ordained in 1802. I'rom 18G9 to 1002 he was rector of All Souls' I liurch in New York City, and in the latter ir accepted the position of chaplain at Leland >ranford, .Jr., University at Palo Alto, Cal. He t)elonf.'s to the "broad church' party and has won distinction for his advocacy of liberal ideas. He has jiidilislied: Sliidies of Jesus (1881); Right and Wroiirj Uses of the Bible (1883) ; The Book of the Beginnings (1884); Philistinism (188.5): Social Studies (1887); Church and Ci-rrd (ISdll: Christian Science (1808). NEWTON-AB'BOT. A market-town in Dev- onshire, England, on the Teign estuary at the mouth of the Lemon, 15 miles south of Exeter (ilap: England, C 6). It has railway works, a shipping trade, and considerable commerce in agiicultural produce and cattle. Its principal iniiustry is the manufacture of ornamental pot- tery from china clay and potter's clay, found in the neighborhood. Lignite and tin ore are mined. It has some interesting old buildings, a tnwn hall, and municipal markets. In the vicin- ily are important remains of a Roman encamp- ment. Charles I. lodged at Newton-Abbot during his western campaign, and here William III. was first proclaimed King in 1688. Population, in 1891, 11,000; in 1901, 12,500. NEWTON-IN-MAKEEEIELD, mak'er-feld, or Xewtux-le-W ILLOW.S. A manufacturing town in Lancashire, England, 15 miles west of Man- chester (Map: England, D 3). The chief indus- tries are paper-making, printing, sugar refining, railway wagon manufacturing, and coal-min- ing. It has a town hall, mechanics' institute, and grammar school. There is a beautiful lake in the town called Xewton Mere, which is co'- I'red, during the sunnner months, with the pleasure-boats of the residents. Horse-races are lield here in June, and horse and cattle fairs in Jlay and August annually. The barony belonged to Edward the Confessor. Population, in 1891, 12,801: in 1901, 16,699. NEWTON'S RINGS. The colored rings seen wlien a thin film of air or other substance inter- venes between the surfaces of two plates of glass. This phenomenon is named from its dis- coverer. Sir Isaac Newton, who in his work on Optics describes how he took a plano-convex lens designed for a fourteen-foot telescope and placed it with its plane side do iward on top of a double convex lens constructed for a telescope of about fifty feet in length. On slowly pressing the upper lens against the lower, a number of concentric rings having the point of contact of the lenses as their centre appeared, increasing in size as the pressure was increased. This arrangement of a lens and plane surface is often eni])loyed in performing the experiment, and the thickness of the film and the wave lengths of llie different kinds of lights can be ascertained. The effect is due to the interference (q.v.) of the waves of light reflected from the upper and lower surfaces of the thin film of air, which from nothing at the point of contact gradually increases in thickness with the distance from the centre. If light of one color, or, speaking more scientifically, of a single wave length, is used, the rings will be alternately bright and dark, the bright waves being produced by the Vol. XIV.— 32. combination of the various waves caused by interference and overlapping. Therefore the colors of Newton's rings are not pure spectral colors, though they are extremely brilliant and varied. In the centre, where the glass surfaces are in contact, there is a dark spot, and as the air film begins to have an appreciable thickness the rings are formed. They were divided by Newton into a series of orders, seven in number, though usually not more than four or five are seen. The colors of the first or<ler, from the central black circle outward, are gray, whitish, straw color, orange, brick-red, and dark purple, the last color corresponding to a thickness of the film of .000011 of an inch or .00028 of a millimeter. In the second order we have the purest colors, which run through a succession of violet, blue, peacock, yellow, orange, red. and violet, the thickness of the air film in the last instance amounting to .000022 of an inch or .00055 of a millimeter; in the third and fourth orders we also have a succession of colors; in the fifth we have pale green, pale rose, and rose : in the sixth, pale peacock, and pale rose and rose; and in the seventh, pale green and rose. When the thickness of the film reaches .001 mil- limeter the color appears as pale green, and is included in the fourtli order, but from this point the colors begin to fade and disappear. By means of these rings we are enabled to measure the distance between two transparent surfaces which are in seeming contact. In case the light passes through the plates instead of being re- fleeted, the colors are reversed, and we have the rings formed with the complementary colors. See Light, sections Interference a.nA Diffraction. Con- sult: Thompson, Light Visible and Inrisihle; Preston, Theory of Light (New Yrtrk, 1894). NEWTON THEOLOGICAL INSTITU- TION. A divinity school at Newton Centre. Mass., founded in 1825, under the supervision of the Baptist churches of New England, but open to members of any Christian denomination. It has a three years' course leading to the degree of bachelor of divinity. In 1902 there were 8 instiiictors and fll students. The buildings, eight in number, are valued with the grounds at .$400,000. The institution has a library of 24.000 volumes, an endowment of $800,000. and property estimated at $1,300,000, NEWTOWN. Formerly a town in Queens Countv, N. Y.. since 1898 included in the Borough of Queens, New York City (q.v.) (JSIap: New Y'ork City, G 6) . Newtown was founded by New Englanders in 1652, and was known as Middle- burgh until 1004, when it came under the juris- diction of Connecticut, and was renamed Hast- ings. It received its present name and became part of New Y'ork in 1665. During the Revolu- tion it was occupied for some time by British troops. Consult .J. Riker, -Jr., The Annals of yewtown (New Y'ork, 1852). NEWTOWNARDS. nu'ton-.ardz'. A town in county Down. Ireland. 13 miles by rail from Belfast, on Lough Strangford (Map: Ireland, F 2). It has many interesting ruins, notalily those of the Old Parish Church. For a hundred years the manufacture of linen goods has been the most important industry. Newtoivnards was chartered as a borough by James I. Population, in 1901, 9110.