Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/637

NICHOLL. 548 NICHOLSON. home in Xew York. His compositions include: Cloister Scene (1874) ; symphonic poem Tuitttrus ( 1888) ; Mass in E Fhit : and many otlicr smaller orchestral and instrumental numbers. His most important work, a cycle of four oratorios, has remained in manuscript, the component works of which are named respectively Adam, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. NTCHOLLS, nik'olz. Francis Tii.i.on (1834 — ). An American politician and soldier, born at Donaldsonville, La. He graduated at West Point in 1855 and took part in the Scmincde War, but resigned from the army in 1857 and returned to his native State, where he began the practice of law. At the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the Confederate service as a captain and rose to the rank of brigadier-general. In 1876 be was elected Governor of Louisiana, and was again elected in 1888. During his second admin- istration occun-ed the suppression of the Louisiana Lottery. The lottery- company succeeded in getting a bill granting it a new charter through both branches of the Legislature, but Governor Nicli- oUs vetoed the measure, whereupon the company api)ealed to the people and met with final defeat. In 1802 he became Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court. NICHOLLS, Rhod. (Holmes) (?— ). An English water-color painter and illustrator, born in Coventry. England. She was a pupil of the Bloomsbury School of Art in London and won the Queen's scholarship. In 1884 she removed to the Vnited States, and afterwards settled in New York City, Avhere she became a prominent mem- ber of the New York Water Color Club. Her work is strong, brilliant, and individual, and her figure and flower studies are particularly well known, NICHOLS, nik'olz, Edv.rd LE.^rINC.TO^^ (1854 — ). An American ]diysicist. He was born at Leamington, England, and was educated at Cornell University, graduating in 1875, After studying at Leipzig, Berlin, and Gi'ittingen, where he took the degree of Ph.D, in 1879. he was ap- pointed fellow in physics at Johns Hopkins. He then spent some time in the Edison laboratory at Menio Park, N. J,, and in 1881 became pro- fessor of physics and chemistry in the Central University of Kentucky. In 188.3 he was called to the chair of physics and astronomy at the I'niversity of Kansas, and in 1887 he was ap- pointed professor of physics at Cornell Univer- sity. He became editor of the I'h/isical J'eview and prepared many papers on electricity and other branches of experimental physics as well as text-books dealing with these subjects. NICHOLS, Ernest Fox ( 1809— ) . An Amer- ican physicist, born at Leavenworth. Kan. He graduated at the Kansas Agi-icultural College in 1888. and pursued graduate studies at Cornell University and Berlin University. He was pro- fessor of physics at Colgate University in 1802-98 and at Dartinouth College from 1898 to lOO;!, when he was made professor of experimental physics at Columbia University. His work in pliysics in- cludes the remodeling and improvement of the Crookes radiometer: with H, Robens. the discov- ery and measurement of heat waves foir times as long as any hitherto known : the measurement of the heat radiation from the stars Arcturus and Vega and the planets .lupiter and Saturn : and. with G. F. Hall, the measurement of pressure due to radiation. NICHOLS, .John ( 1745-18-20) . The last of the learned printers, born near London, February 2, 1745. He was apprenticed to William Bowyer (q,v,), and was taken into partnership (1700). On the death of his patron (1777) he succeeded to the business. He died Novendjcr 20, 1826. For nearly fifty yeais Nichols devoted him- self to writing, editing, and publishing valu- able books. Among them are .1 Hupplcmcnt to SicifVs Works (1770, 1779); Biographical and Literary Anecdotes of W, Bowyer (1782); The Progresses of Queen Elizabeth (1778, with additions in 1805 and 1821) ; and Literary Anec- dotes of the Eighteenth Century (1812-15). His son, John Bowyer Nichols (1779-1803), was also a well-known printer and antiquary, NICHOLSON, nik'ol-son, Edward Williams Byron ( 1849— ) . An English librarian and author, born at Saint Helier, .Tersey, and edu- cated at Oxford, He was librarian and superin- tendent at the London Institution from 1873 until 1882, when he became librarian at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, His ])ublications include Gospel commentaries. he Christ-Child and Other Poems ( 1877) ; The Rights of an Animal ( 1879) ; yew Homeric Researches (1883) ; The Pedigree of Jack (1892) ; The Vernacular Inscriptions of the Ancient Kingdom of Alban (1890) ; Golspie (1897) ; The Man with Two Souls and Other Sto- ries (1898); and The Language of the Conti- nental Picts (1900). NICHOLSON, Sir Francis (1660-1728). A British colonial governor and soldier in America. He was born in England, and in 1078 entered the army as an ensign. In 1084 he became a lieu- tenant and was sent to America, where in 1087 he was appointed deputy for New York of Sir Edmund Andros, Nicholson's administration of affairs in New York was weak and vacillating. In the spring of 1689, at the time of the Lcisler rebellion (see Leisler, Jacob) . he was turned out of office, and returned to England, iv new connnis- sion from William III. as Governor of the colony arriving soon after his departure. From 1690 to 1694 he was Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia, and administered the affairs of the colony with great ability. Although himself a dissolute rake, he endeavored, with considerable success, to im- prove the moral and intellectual condition of the people. He gave his attention to bettering the character and condition of the clorgj', established for the first time a regular system of schools, and founded William and Mary College, to which he himself donated the sum of £300. In 1694 Lord Howard of Effingham, under whom Nichol- son served as deputy, died, and when . dros was appointed to succeed him Nicholson, disappointed, resigned. He was pacified with the appointment to the Governorship of Maryland, where his fail- ure to get along with the colonists was as con- spicuous as his success in Virginia had been. In 1698 he returned to Virginia as Governor, but his second term was far less successful than the first. He caused considerable irritation and ill- feeling by his removal of the capital from .laines- town to Williamsburg, He was recalled in 1705, In 1709 and 1711 he made ineffectual attempts to invade Canada by leading an army northward from Albany by way of Lake Champlain, In 1710 he planned and commanded the expedition