Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/652

NIEMEYER. 556 NIETZSCHE. but even his tlicologioa! works were tinged with the views of au educ-atur, and in the latter cliar- aeter he did liis most iiiiiiortant work. Among Niemeyer's works, the eliief are: Chaidhtcrislik (ler Bibel (1775-82); Uinidbuch fur christlichc Jiiliijionsklirry (1S05-07); and Lcilfaden dur I'mhtyogiU und Didaktik (1802). NIEMEYER, Felix von (1820-71). A Ger- man physician. He was born at Magdeburg, where he jiraetieed medicine after studying at Halle, Prague, and Vienna. At the time of the cholera epidemic of 1848-49 he published Die symptomalische lichandlung der Cholera mit hrsDiiderer lUicksiclit auf die BedeuUtng dcs Durmleidens. In 1853 he became head of the medical department of the city liospital at Mag- deburg, and two years afterwarils was ajjpointed ))rofessor at Greifswald. wlience in 18(i0 he went to Tubingen. Niemeyer's great work, Lchrbuch der spezielleii I'alhologie und Therapic (1858 sqq. ; Uth ed. 1884), met with immediate success and ))roved one of the most important medical works of the century. NIEPCE, ne'eps', .Joseph Nic£puore (17ti5- 1833). A French scientist, born at Clialon-sur- Saonc. He entered the Revolutionary army in 1789. but two years later was compelled to resign because of illliealth, and in 1795 became civil administrator of the District of Nice. In 1801 he returned to his native town and thenccfortli devoted himself to the stidy of chemistry and mechanics. During tlic following years he made a numlier of inventions, and in 1813 turned his attention to the production of pictures uptm metal plates by nieans of light. In 1824 he dis- covered a process by which he could fix the images of the camera ob.scura. Two years later he entered into relations with Daguerre. and in 1829 the two formed a partnersliip to "cuiiiier- ate in perfecting the discovery invented by j^I. Niepc? and perfected by M. Daguerre."' Article V. of their agreement says that Niepce gave "his invention" and Daguerre "a new contrivance of the dark chamber, his talents, and his educa- tion:" so that if the title "inventor of photogra- phy" can be applied to any one man it seems that it should go to Xiepce. He died at Oras. near his birthplace, poor and comparatively unknown. He Vrote .Vo^i'cr .s-i/r Vhclioyraphie (1829). Con- sult: Krnouf, Leu inrentetirs du r/riz el de la photoffraphie (Paris. 1877): and Fouque, La rerite fivr Viineiilioii de la photoyraphie : yic6- phiirr irprr (ill,. lS('i7). NIEPCE DE SAINT VICTOR, dp sSn vi^k'- tor'. (■i..rnK M.kie Fr.v.ncois (1805-70). A French ])hotograiiher. born at Saint-Cyr. near Chalon-surSaone. He served in the army, and was ajipointcd in 1854 second commandant of the T.ouvre. The discoveries in photography made by his uncle. Nicr-phore Niepce. jointly with Da- giierre, had attracted his attention to that art. and he succeeded in bringing out himself a num- ber of interesting inventions. He was the first to use albumen for photographic purposes, and was one of the first to try photography on glass and to produce steel-engravings; by a idioto- grapbie process. He also -;icccrded in obtaining colored images, which lie named licliorlirDmen ; the colors, liowever. were fugitive. Tn 1855 he publisbed the various memoirs in which ho had at different times eomnninieated his discoveries to the Aendemv of Sciences, under the title of It'celierches pholoiiraphiijiies, which was followed in 1850 by Truitc prutiyue de gravure sur acicr et sur rerre. NIESE, ne'zc, Be.nedictis ( 1849— ) . A Ger- man classical pliilologist and historian. He was born at iiurg, on the island of Fehmarn.in Schles- wig-llolstein, and in 1877 he became professor in the University of JIarburg. His publications in- clude: Flav'ii Josephi Opera I. -I'll. (Berlin, 1885-95) ; Grundriss der romisclien Oeschichte (2d ed., Munich, 1897); Ocschiehte der gricrh- ischen und inakedonischcn Staaten (Gotha. 1893- 99) ; Flarii Jusephi Antitjuitatum ?:pitoma (Berlin. ISOIJ) : Kritik der hciden Makkabiier- hii< III r i ill,. lilOO). NIETZSCHE, net'shc. Friedricii (1844- 190(11. A German ]iliiloso)ihie writer, one of the mo>t daring thinkers and charming stylists of the nineteenth century. He was born at Ripken, near Leipzig, son of a Protestant pastor of the village, who died when the precocious boy was five years old. Ho was brought up by his mother at Naumburg on the Saale: studied at the noted State school at Pforta, and then devoted himself to the study of the classics in the imi- vcrsities of Bonn and Leipzig. At twenty-five, on the rcconnncnd.it ion of Ritschl, he became professor extraordinarius of classical philology at Basel, and shortly afterwards was promoted to be professor ordinarius there — a po-st which he was forced to resign in 1879 because of an atfection of his eyes. Meanwhile Nietzsche had made the acquaintance of Wagner and become an ardent advocate of Scho])eiiliauer's theories of iirt. During this period, which was brief and immature, the only work of importance he wrote was (Icburt der Tragiidie inis item deistc der Musik (1872), in which he maintained that both Dionysiae (orgiastic) and Apollonic (tem- perate) motifs contributed to the origination of Attic tragedy. The book might be termed a de- fense of Wagner's inogrammc. But shortly there- after came a breach between Nietzsche and Wagner, said to be due to Wagner's compro- misis with success. With the loss of faith in Wagner, he lost faith in God and in Cbris- tianitv. in traditional morality, and in current hnmaii ideals, and ended by deifying passion and despising reason. He went so far as to sav that the untruth of a view is not a valid objection to it if only it be useful, and that the falsest views are often the most useful. Satis- faction of instincts became his ideal; we must, he maintained, at all hazards realize the will to dominate ider Willr zur Maelit). The moral man who lives for others is a weakling, a de- generate. The lonlly egoist who exploits other men and rises on stepping stones of their dead selves to higher things is the prcqier human ideal, the over-man iVihrniirnxeh) . The evolu- tion of Nietzsche's thought, which culminated in this idealization of the inhumane victor in the struggle for existence, can be traced in his Mrnseliliehe.i. Mhumrnxehlielira. ein Burh fiir frriv (leister (1870-80): Morgenriithe. Ilednnken iiber mnrnlixehr orurlhrUr (1881) ; ,4/so sprnrh /.aralhusirn (1883-84): ./enseit.i io» (lul und Ilnsc (188(1) : Zur Oenealngie der Moral (1887) ; ner Fall Wagner (1888) : and (Inlzrndiimmrrung (1889). Among his other works should he men- tioned Der Wille zur Maeht: Ver.iueh einer Vm- werlung aller Wrrle (1890). Of this hook the first part is entitled Der Anttehrinl, where