Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/66

MOSES. 52 gaze with tlashing cjcs and frowning face, while llie light hand grasps the tables of the law. The head sho«s two short horns, based on a mistaken interpretation of Ezekiel xxxiv. 21. The "Moses" was one of thirtj' proposed statues for the tomb of Pope Julius II. in Saint Peter's, which was not toiiiploled. See Plate under JIiciiei^.ngELO. MOSES, Assiiii'Tio.N OF, and Kevelatio.n of. See Ai'ocuvpii.v, section ou Old Testament. MOSES, Ber.naku (1846—). An American professor of history and political economy, born at liurlington. Conn. He graduated at the Uni- versity of Micliigan in 1870, studied at Heidel- berg, and became professor of history in Albion College, N. V., in 1875. The following year he was appointed to the faculty of the University of California. His first book. Politics (1884), was written in collaboration with W. W. Crane; af- terwards he produced: The Federal Government of Sioilzerland (1889); Democracy and Social Uroicth in America (1892) ; and The Establish- ment of Spanish Rule in America (1898). He was one of the Philippine Commissioners ap- pninfi-d by President .McKinley. MOSES OF CHORENE, k.Vre'ne. An Ar- menian author, belonging to the fifth century. The only extant works now generally admitted to be his are a Khetoric. and a llislor/i of Armenia. which ap])eared in a (ierman vcrsiim by Lauer at Regensburg in 1869, and entitles him to the foremost place among Armenian historians. . work on geography once ascribed to him is now- assigned to the seventh century. Consult Von Gut.schmid, Leber die Glaubiriirdijikeit der ar- menischen Geschichte des Hoses von Khoren (Leipzig, 1876). MOSGTJ, mos'knn. or MASA, mji'sa. Pagan niLrrui-^ in the Chad Hasin. Sudan, south of the lake, divided into many tribes or branches, and numbering about a million. Less than a third of them have come under the sway of Mohammedan- ism. MOSHEIM, mos'hini, Joiiaxn Lorenz vox ( 1 1194-1 7.'>.")). - distinguished (Jerman Church historian and theologian. He was born at Lii- beck. October 9. 1694. and studied at Kiel. In 1723 he became ordinary professor of thcologj- at Helmstedt and in 1747 at Giittingen, where he died as chancellor of the university, September 9, 17.55. His theological works are numerous, among them a work on Hible morality. Siltrnlrhrc drr heili- flcn Schrift (17.35-5:i; 4th ed. US.^-fil. continued by J. P. Miller, 1770-78) , and discourses. Ileilirie lieden (17.32: 4th ed. 1765). But his contribu- tions to theological literature in the department of ecclesiastical history are most important, by reason of their gre;>t learning, fullness, and accuracy. The following have been translated from the original Latin: Commentarie» on the Affairs of f'hrisfian.'i Before the Time of Con- stanlinr Ihr Great (London, 181.3-151 ; hi.'itilutrs of Ecelesiaslical Tlistory (Murdock's trans., od. by W. Stubbs. 1S6.3: new ed.. Boston. 1892) ; his valuable Vrrsiirh etner unpnrtciisehen Ketzerpe- .srhirhlr (1746-48) is untranslated. MOSKVA, moskvii'. A river of Kuropean Russia, a left affluent of the Oka. which is itself nn affluent of the Volaa. It rises in the Covern- Tiient of Smolensk, flows eastward through the ritv of Mospow. and joins the Oka near Kolomna, in the Government of Moscow, after a course of MOSQUE. 285 miles (Map: Russia, E 3). It is navigable between Moscow and the Oka, a distance of 112 miles, and is an important commercial route. On its banks, September 7, 1812, occurred the fa- mous battle of the .Moskva or Borodino between the Russians and Napoleon. MOSLEM, moz'lem, or MUSLIM, niQz'lim. A ciimuiun designation in the West for a Mo- hammedan. It conies from the Arabic muslitn, a derivative of .lalima, 'to be .safe,' which is often used by .Mohammed in the sense of a 'true be- liever.' generally in contrast to kafir, an un- believer, infidel. The name Mussulman, often used in the same sense, is derived from the Per- sian plural of muslim (nnisliman). See Mouam- ilEDA.MSM. MOSLER, moz'ler, Henry (1841—). An American genre painter, born in New York City. He studied in Cincinnati under .J. H. Beard. During the Civil War he was on the staff of Harper's Weekli). and afterwards went to Paris. There he studieil inder Hebert. "Still later he received some instruction at the Munich Acad- emy under Piloty, and in Diisseldorf. He became especially well known in Paris, where he lived many years and exhibited much. He was elected a National .Academician in 1895, and in the follow- ing year won the Clark Prize. He also won a gold medal at the Salon of 1888, a silver medal at the Paris Exposition of 1889. and a medal and diploma of honor at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895. In 1S92 he was awarded the cross of the Legion of Honor. His more notable works in- clude: "Le relour"' (1879), which was bought by the Frencli Government for the Luxembourg; "The Purchase of the Wedding Gown" (1880); "The Last Sacrament" (1885); and "The Com- ing Stornr" (1885). His "Wedding Morning" was bouglit by the Sydney Museum, Australia. MOSQUE (Fr. mosrjuee, from Sp. mezquita, from Ar. masjid, temple, from sajudu. to pros- trate one's self, to ])ray). A Molmnunedan house of prayer and wor.ship. Examples of these build- ings are found wherever the Mohanuiiedan faith has prevailed, from S])ain to India and Turkes- tan. There is no fixed form of structure for them; in jioor comnuinities a bare room provided with a milirub to mark the kihlah (q.v.) often serves the purpose. In general the earliest type of mosque was an open court, surrounded on all sides by an arcaded portico, like the atrium or cloister of a church or the peristyle cinirt of an Egyptiiin temple, but sometimes difi"ering fnun them in having not a single row, but two or more rows of columns or piers. The side of the court toward Mecca is usually deeper than the other three, with more rows of supports; it contains the mlhriib and to the right of it the mimbar (pulpit), and. in front, generally a platform and reading desk. In the open court (.w7ih) is the fountain for ablutions, often of large size and covered with a dome. The mosques of India and Central Asia are generally constructed after this plan. The Mo- hammedans, however, have always been influenced by the native forms of architecture in the dif- ferent countries which they have entered. The Spanish mosques, for example, closely resembled churches, having many parallel aisles supported on a forest like the old Cordova mosque, or fewer aisles, like the mosque at Toledo, now San