Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/662

NIKE APTEROS. 564 NIKON. Ionic columns, 13i..j feet higli, in the front anJ rear. The sculptures of its frieze represented an assembly of divinities, combats between Greeks and Persians, and a combat between Greeks and Greeks. The balustrade surrounding the precinct of the teni|)le was adorned with reliefs of sacri- fices in honor of Athena, to whom the temple was consecrated under the name of Nike Apteros, in order to distinguish her from the usual winged representations of Nike. NIK'ISCH, Arthir (1855—). An Hungarian nuisioal ciinductor. born at LC'beny Szent-.Mikli'ps. ile was educated under Dessotl' and Hellmesberger at the 'ienna Conservatory, and on the conclu- sion of his course entered the Court orchestra as a violinist. His first enj;agement as a conductor was at the Leipzig Theater. Here he became noted for conducting without score, while his ability and technical skill won him a leading place. From 18S!I to 1893 he was conductor o^ the Boston Symphony Orchestra, succeeding W'il- hclm (ioricke, and being in turn succeeded bv Emil Paur. He returned to Pesth, where he was appointed the director of the Royal Opera House and conductor of the city Philharmonic Society concerts. His most important musical engagement and the scene of his greatest success was as the successor of Reinecke (1895) in the conductorship of the Gewandhaus concerts of Leipzig. NIKITA, ne-ke'ta, Louise (1872—). The professional name of Louisa ilargaret Nicholson, an American singer, born in Philadelphia. She studied in Paris under Maurice Strakosch, and sang there and in (iermany with considerable success. Her operatic debiit was in 1889 as Zerlina in Dun Gioraiini, and in 189-t she became prima donna at the Paris Opera. Her best-known roles are in Fille du regiment, Maiioii, Trariata, Lfikiiir. and Pagliucci. NIKITIN, ny^-ke'tyfn. IvAX Savitcii (1824- 61). A Russian lyric poet, born at Voronezh. He began to writi- for the press in 1850: at- tracted attention by his patriotic irocm Rii.s.iiu in 1853: and in 185(i had a volume of poems pub- lished under the patronage of Count Tolstoi. His greatest iiopularity was won by his poem liiiltik. or 'The iloney-Lender' (1858), a remarkable picture of peasant life. Resides his Ivrics. Nikitin wrote two novels. A collected edition of his works was published at Moscow (tith ed. 18921. NIK'KO (.rap,. Sun's Brightness). A town and tourist resort in the Prefecture of Tochigi, Japan, about 80 miles northwest of Tokio. famous for its natural beauties, as well as for the mortuary shrines of lyevasu. the founder of the Tokugawa family, and of lyC'mitsu. his grandson (.Map: .Japan." F 5). As a holy place its reputation dates from the eighth century, but the gorgeous mortuary shrines were not built until Ifil", since which time they have been em- l>ellished by the lavish gifts of vassals, the won- ders of Hiilari .lingoro's wood carving, magnifi- cent gifts of works of art in bronze, granite, and other sttmes. with offerings from the Dutch. Loo- Chooans. Koreans, etc. The name Nikko is also ajiplied to the surrounding region. NIKLA URSS. ne'klA i.irs the p:.tr Bea r I .t, .A popular name I'Mi Ilora (q.v. ). (Rum., Nicholas for a Rumanian NIKOLAYEV, nye'kfi-la'yev. An important naval and eonimcrcial river port in the Govern- ment of Kher.son. South Russia. situate<l on the river Bug, 42 miles northwest of Kherson (Map: Russia. D 5). The river at Nikolayev is of surti- cient width and ilepth for the largest vessels. The town has two gynmasia, a naval school, an observatory, a theatre, and a number of parks. Nikolayev is among the largest commercial ports of Russia. It is especially important in the export of grain, the imports being comjjaratively insigiiitlcaut. The harl>or is strongly fortified, and the navy yard with its wharves" and various shops covers a large area. The industrial estab- lishments, except those connected with the navy yard, are few and consist of tobacco factories, tallow-melting establishments, etc. The city forms a separate administrative district under a military Governor, who is also conunander-in- chief of the Black Sea fleet. There are many con- sular representatives at Nikolayev. Population, in 1S97, 92,0t)0. of whom about 75 per cent, were (ircek Orthodox, and alrout 17 jier cent. .lews. Nikolayev was founded bv Potemkin in 1784. Until 18i)0 it was only a 'naval port, which played a prominent part in the building up of the Russian n;ny. NIKOLAYEVSK, nye'k.Vlii'y^fsk. A town in the (iovernment of Samara. Russia, situated on the Great Irgiz. a tributary of the Volga. 110 miles south-southwest of Samara (Map: Russia, G 4). It carries on a brisk trade in agricul- tural products and animals, and produces brick, leather, and tallow. In the district of Niko- layevsk are a number of prosixrous German (•(donies. The town was foimded by the Ras- kolniks (dissenters) in 1782. Population, in 1897. 12.500. chiefly Raskolniks, and including aliout 1900 Tatars. NIKOLSBURG, n6'k61s-boorK. A town of .Muiiivia. Austria, situated about .30 miles south of Briinn (Map: .uslria. E 21. On a rock near the centre of the town stands the castle of the l)rinees of Dietrichstein. to whom the town has belonged since 1575. There arc a number of ehun'hes, a higher gymnasium, a library, and a natural history museum — the two last in" the cas- tle. In the vicinity of the town is produced good wine. Nikolsburg is noted for the |>eace con- cluded there between Ferdinand XL and Bethlen G:lbor in 1022, and the armistices iK'lween Prus- sia ;in(l Austria and Prussia and Bavaria in 18i;i;. Population, in 1900, 8091. NI'KON (1005-81). A patriarch of the Rus- sian Church. He was born near Nizlmi-Novgo- rod, became a priest and monk, and in lti4(> was appointed, by the Czar .Mcxis Mikhailovitch, .rcliimandrite of the Novospa.sky .Monastery at Moscow. In 1048 he became Metropolitan of Novgorod, and in 1052 was elevated to the patriarchate. In 1058, having lost the favor of the Cziir. he retired to the Monastery of the Resurrection of Christ, which he had himself built, and in 1000 was ileposed by a council called to consider his ease, and banished as a eonunon monk to a monastery at Bielozersk. Czar Feodor -Alexeyevitch granted him jicrmission to return to the Monastery of the Resurrection of Christ, but he died on the journey thither. Nikon was nn ardent upholder of monasticism. and wa.i noted for his benevolent life and character, show- ing mueli kindness to the poor and unfortu-