Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/688

NOAH. 588 NOBEL. Travels in England, France, Spain, and the Bar- bary filates (1810) ; and a Discourse on titc lics- toriition of the Jews (1845). NOAILLES, iK'i'ii'y'. A whU' Kicmli family ot l,ii]iiiu~iii, which dates t'l'iim the eli'vciitli reii- tiiiy. Adrif.n if.wRicE. Duke do Xoaillcs ( IGTS- ITlili). A Marslial <if I'lamc. lioin in Paris. tlu> eldest son of Anne .lules, Due de Noailles ( KLiO- J70S). who was Maislial also. The son bore the title of Count d'Aven. entered the Musketeers in iii)2. and served in Catalonia in l(in4-!).5 and in Flanders in 1606-97. In 1715 the Duke entered the couneil of regency and beeanie ])resi- dent of the Conseil de Finance, a post which he lost three years afterwards by his opposition to Law. After tifteiii years of retirement, he re- ceived a command under the Duke of Berwick in the war of the Polish Succession, and in 1734. after his chiefs death, was made Marshal of France. In the same year he captured I'hilips- burj;, and in the next, at the head of the Sardin- ian forces, drove the Inijierial army out of Italy. His last eampai<rn was in the War of the Austrian Succession, and at Pcttingen. in 1743, he was de- feated. Entering the Conseil d'Etat. he took con- trol of France's foreign policy, went to Madrid in 1746. prepared th<' campaigns of 1747 and 174S. and retired in 1756. His two sons. Lotis (1713-03) and Philippe (1715-04), were also Marshals of France. — Loiis M.RC A.NToiM-:. Viscount de Noailles (1756-isn4l. horn in Paris, was associated with Lafayette (their wives were sistirs) in the aid given to the American colonics in their struggle for independence. In 1780, at the opening of the French Slates-Gen- eral, he was a Deputy among the nobles repre- senting Xeniowrs, and made the memorable propo- sition for the abolition of titles and feudal privileges of all kinds. During the excesses of the Jacobins he went to the United States, but re- turned to France as soon as the persecution of the old nobility ceased, and a few years later was made brigadier-general in Santo Domingo, where he died from %(iunds received in the cap- ture of an English sloop of war near Havana by one of the most remarkable feats of naval daring on record.— P.VIL. l-uke de Noailles (1802-85), joined the Court of Louis Philippe in 1830. He piddisbed a Hi.iloirr ilr tn maiaon roiialc fir fliiiiit- Louis (Uahlic a SainlCpr (1843) and a Ilistnire (/(' Mmc. de Mainlrnon (1848-50). and became a member of the Academy in 1840. His son. .Ifi.rs C1IARLE.S ViCTfRXlEN (1826-05). devoted himself to the studv of economies and published Cent ans dr rrptililiiiur aiix rtnls-Unis (1886-80). NO AM'MON. 'Hie name given to Thebes, the capital of I'ppcr Eg}-pt. in the Hebrew text of Nahuin iii. 8. The sluuter form No occurs in .Ter. xlvi. 25 and Kzek. xxx. 14: 1.5. Ifi. The Greek version has ulpoi' Aiinav, "part of .mmon,' in Nahuin. and elsewhere AioiTTiXis (OiVw/m/ts) , the conuiion later de-^ignation of Thebes; .lercime translated .ti .nindrin iioiniloriim. probably in- fluenced by the description of the city in Nahum as "situated among the rivers having the waters round about her. whose strength was the sen and water her walls." .As the .ssyrians called the city Vi. and the Egyptians themselves after the Twenty first Dynasty called it Nt (probably pro- nounced yrl, AV. with the feminine ending ' ; cp. early Coptic Tic), it is probable (hat the Hebrew consonants were also pronounced .Yr. .Yet iiieans 'city.' The addition of Amnion renders the reference to Thebes certain. Nahum proba- bly tluuight of the captire and sack of Thebes by Assurbanipal in B.C. 663. See Tuebes. NOBBE, ni'be, Friedrich (1830—). A Ger- man agricultural chemist and jilant physiologist, born in Bremen. He studied at .Jena ami Berlin, in 1861 became a professor in the Industrial School at Chemnitz, and in 1868 in the Academy of Forestry and Agriculture at Tharandt. There he established, with the assistance of the Agiicul- tural Union of Leipzig, an experiment station for plant physiology. In 1860 he inaugurated scien- tific seed-testing, and the ])iblication of the re- sults of his investigations in this subject led to the system of European seed contrid. with its numerous stations conducted both independently and as branches of the agricultural experiment stations. Among his publications are L'cbrr die orfjanisehe Lcistung dvs h'nliiim in der Pjhinzc (with Schroder and Erdmann. 1871), and Vider den Handel mit ^yaldgrassamen fiir die IFieseii- liiltiir (1870). NO'BEL, Alfred Bernard (1833-96). A Swedish inventor and philanthropist, horn at Stockholm. As a child he went with his father to Saint Peter.sburg. where he was educated. In 1850-54 he studied mechanical engineering in the United States as a i)upil of the distinguished .Tolin Ericsson, and in 1863 took out the first ))atcnt for the manufacture of an explosive com- posed of nitroglycerin and common gun]iowdcr. in 1864 he was granted a second patent. The use of nitroglycerin was for a number of years attended by such serious accidents that the prep- aration was very widely discarded. In 1867, however, Nobel invented dynamite, or giant powder, composed of 75 per cent, of nitro- glycerin and 25 per cent, of kieselguhr, a finely ]iiilvcrizcd siliceous material derived from the shells of fossil infusorians. This conqiouml could be handled with less risk than could gunpowder, and was not inlluenced by heat or damp. In 1876 the inventor patented an improvement known as explosive gelatin. Further inventions by Nobel — ^the total number reported tiled in Great Britain is 120 — include ballistite. a propellent which was among the earliest of modern smoke- less powders, and artificial gutta-percha. In 1875, by his own statement, he contrnUed fifteen dynamite factories in various parts of the world, including those near San Francisco and New York City, in the United States. Much of his experimentation in his later years was conducted in his great laboratory at San Remo, near Nice. He subscribed half the amount necessary for the eipiipnient of the aeronaut Salomon .-Indr^', and gave much to general charities, but is best known as the founder of the Nobel prize fuuil of .■s0.200.0()0 (reduced by taxaticm to about .>?8.400,000) . the annual interest on which is yearly to be divided into five equal parts, to be ilistributed to the five most deserving persons in as many departments of human activity, .ward is made for (a) the most important invention or discovery in |)hysics: (b) the most important discovery or improvement in ebemisfrv: (c) the most important discovery in physiology or medi- cine; (d) the most remarkable literary work of an idealistic nature; and (e) the most or best work done in the interests of universal peace. The first four prizes are awarded by the Acade- i