Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/693

NODIER. 593 NOIRE. suit Mine. Menessier-XodiiT, Vharles Xodier, epi- sodes it soucenirs de su lU- (Paris, 18U7). NODULAR DISEASE (from Lat. iiodulus, (liiiiiiuUivf of noiliis, joint ), A disease due to till' |)reseiK'e of a roimduonii ((EsuitJinyostoina coliiinijiuiiuiii) in llie intestinal walls of sheej). wliieli lias often been mistaken for Inliereulosis of the intestines. Positiw diai^nosis can be made only after death. Atl'eeted animals become ana'mie and debilitated, the wool becomes dry, ancl there may be profuse diarrhoea. The larger tumors will be found to contain the small nema- tode woiiii, surrounded by a greenish, cheesy mass. The adult worm is found free in the large intestine. NOE, n6'a', Aii.DEE DE. A French caricatur- ist. See his pseudonym, Cham. NOEL, no'el. Baptist Wriotiie.sley (1798- 187.3). An English clergy-man. He was born at I.eiglitmount, Scotland, and educated at West- minster and Trinity College, Cambridge. He stud- ied first for the bar, but abandoned this pro- fession for the Church of England. In 1827 he iK'came minister of Saint .John's Chapel, Bed- ford How, London, where his eloquence won for him a large congregation from the upper classes, and he assumed a place of leadership among the lireachers of evangelical tendencies. Hi 1840 he assisted in organizing the Evangelical Alliance. During the Goi-ham controversy (q.v.) of 1848- 50, Noel withdrew from the Established Church and entered the Baptist denomination, at the same time publishing his grounds for so doing in an Essay on the Union of Church and Stute (1848). Later he published an Essay on the Act of Iiiii>tism (1850). A permanent contribution to the subject of American all'airs was Free- dom and Slavery in the United States of America (180:i). NOETIANS, no-e'shans. See PatrH"AS.siax.- ISM. NOET'IC CONSCIOUSNESS (Gk. i/oTjr^ij, noi'tikus, relating to perception, from vStjo-is, noesis, perception, from votTv, noein, to perceive, from »6os, noos, vom, nous, perception, mind; probably connected with -yiyvilxrKeiv, gignoskein, to know, and ultimately with Eng. knotr) . It is affirmed by many psychologists that the es- sential characteristic of mental process is its I'eference. Ijeyond itself, to some object; so that the only jMis^ible criterion of the ultimateness and iricilniibility of a mental function is the irrediieibillty of the mode in which it thus refers to its object. Brentano distingtiishes between ideation (or noetic consciousness), judgment or iK'llef, and interest or liking. Stout, however, has recently raised the question whether it is possible for a sentient being to exist entirely de- void of thought, i.e. to possess an anoetic con- sciousness. To such a consciousness the antithe- sis of subject and object would be meaningless; while there would seem to be no road from mere sentience to thotight by any process of dilTeren- tiation or enmplication. Stout leaves the ques- tion unanswered, except in so far as the two diHiciilties just raised appear to prevent, for him, any genetic passage from an anoetic to a noetic mind. The juoblems raised are of special interest to the epistemologist and the student of the evo- lution of mind. The term noetic has had a long history in psychology. Plato distinguishes be- tween a noetic or incorporeal world ol concepts, and an esthetic or corporeal world of perceptions, the latter being but an image of the reality of the former. Aristotle uses the word in the sense of ■capable or rational apprehension.' Hamilton employs it to "express all those cognitions that originate in the mind itself," while ""dianoetic denotes the operations of the discursive, elabora- tive, or comparative faculty." Stout restricts the phrase "noetic synthesis' to "that union of presen- tational elements which is involved in their ref- erence to a single object; or, in other words, to their combination as specifying constituents of the same thought." Consult: Stout, Analytic Psychology (London. 18'.)0) ; Brentano, Psycho- logic Torn cmpirischcn titandpunklc (Leipzig), 1874) ; Sir V. Hamilton. Lectures on Metaphys- ics, vol. ii. (London, 1859). NOGALES, no-gii'lAs. A frontier town of Mexico, situated on the boundary of Arizona and on the Santa Cruz River (Map: Mexico, D 2). H is a station on the Sonora Railroad, and is the .seat of a United States consul. Population, in 1901, 2738. NOGENT-SUR-MARNE, n'.'zhax'sur-marn'. A town of France, in the Department of Seine, situated on a bend of the Marne, three miles east of Paris, to the east of the Forest of Vineennes. The Eastern Railroad from Paris here crosses the valley of the Marne on a long, curving viaduct. The town contaitis numerous fine villas, and has manufactures of pottery and chemicals. Population, in 1901, 10,391. NOHL, nol, LuDWiG (1831-85). A German musical lecturer, scholar, and writer. He was educated for the law, but subsequently followed the profession of music. He studied under Dehn and Kiel, and in 1800 became lecturer at Heidel- berg. He held several other important university and conservatory appointments, and toward the ciose of his life settled in Heidelberg as a lec- turer at the university. His writings are stand- ard, and have been translated into both French and English. They include: Herthorrns Lrhen (1804-77); Bricfe'licethoi-cns (1805); Mo:arts Briefe (1805) ; Beethoven, Liszt, Wagner (1874) ; and Beethoven nach den Schilderun^jen seiner Zcitgenossen (1880). NOILS (OF. noiel, nuiel, birtton. buckle, ncirtl, stone of a fruit, Fr. noyau, kernel, from Lat. nux, nut, or possibly a diminutive of OF. noit, knot, from Lat nodus, knot) . The short and broken hairs which are removed from wool in the process of combing and preii.-uing it for worsted manufactures. The noils are used for making inferior yarns, and are valuable for felting pur- poses, in which they are largely employed. NOIRE, nwii'riV, LtnwiG (1829-89). A Ger- man philosophical writer, born at Alzey, in Hesse. From 1840 to 1848 he pursued his studies at Giessen, after which he became a teachfr at the gymnasium in ^lainz. His stuily of the works of Spinoza. Schopenhauer. Lazarus (Jeiger, and the modern naturalists led him to the ettort to construct a system of monistic |)hilosophv according to which the tiniverse is a single reality of which sensation and motion are the two as- pects. In 1874 he published Pie Welt nls Ent- tcickelung des Geistes. This was followed by Der momstische Oednnke. Eine Konkordanx der Phi- losophic Schopenhnuers, Darwins, Robert Mayers,