Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/756

NORWOOD. 644 NOSE. NOR'WOOD. An electoral di.strict and f.ivor- ite rt'siduntial soclion in the soutli of the metro- politan hoiough of Lambeth, London, England, ei-jht miles south of Saint Paul's Cathedral (Map: London, F 7). It was formerly a su1)ur ban village noted for ISeulah Spa, a i)(i|iular pleasure ground pieturesquely laid out around a mineral spring, now built over, and represented by llie ISeulah Spa Hotel. Norwood is divided into Ujjper, Lower, and South Norwood. It adjoins the grounds of the Crystal Palaee. Nor- Avood Junetion is an im])ortant snburljan railway station. Population, in 181)1, 28,248; in 1001, 35.SS7. NORWOOD. A town in Xorfolk County, ilass., 14 miles southwest of Boston; on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: JIassaeluisetts, I<: 3). It has the -Morrill Memorial Library with 7000 volumes; and among its industrial plants are railroad repair shops, large tanneries, an inm foundry, manu- factories of glue and ink, and an extensive print- ing establishment. Norwood was incorporated in 1872; the government is administered through town meetings. The water-works are (>wne<l by the numieipalitv. Population, in 1890, 3733; in 11100. 5480. NORWOOD. A city in Hamilton County, Oliio. adjoining Cincinnati on the northeast: on the Baltimore iind Oliio Southwestern, the Nor- folk and Wi'slern. and the Cincinnati. Lebanon and Northern railroads (Map: Ohio, A 7). It is well laid out on a site of great natural beauty, and is a favorite residential suburb of Cin- cinnati. There are .several important manufac- turing establishments whose factory buildings are noteworthy for their architecture and for their splendid e(|uipnient. Among these |)lants are the lithogra|)bing and ])laying-card works, the elastic-bookcase factory, aiid the electrical manufacturing concern. Pianos, laundry ma- chinery, washing-machines, machine tools and iron-working machinery, iron castings, wood-mill- work, and paper l)ags and specialties also are manufactured. .Settled about 1700. Norwood was in<ornorated as a village uiuler the general laws of 1888 and became a city in 1002. The water- works and electric light plant are owned and opi'raled liy (lie muiiicipalitv. Population, in lOlMl. (;4S(l.' NOSAIRIANS. A -Mohammedan sect. See Ansahiks. NOSE (.S. tiosii, H«.<(H, OIIG. nasa. Ger. Xase, nose: connected with Lat. nastis, Lith. iiosis, OChurch Slav, hosh, Skt. nan, nose). The nose is not only the organ of smell, but is likewise part of the apparatus of respiration and voice. Considered anatomically, it may be divided into an external parl^the projecting portion, to which the term nose is popularly restricte<l; and an internal part, consisting of two chief cavities, the iiiisiil fdsstr, .se])arated from one another by n vertical septum, and subdivided by spongy or turbinated cells, or siniisin in the ethmoid, splie- noid. frontal, and superior maxillary hones com- municating by n:irrow apertures. The external portion of this organ may be deseriWd as a triangular pyramid which pro- jects from the cent 11' of the face, immediately nhove the upper lip. Its sununit or root is connected with the forehead by means of a nar- row bridge, formed on either side by the nasal bone and the nasal process of the superior maxil- lary bone. Us lower part presents two horizontal elliptical openings, the nostrils, which overhang the mouth, and are separated from one another l)y a vertical septum. The margins of the nos- trils are usually provided with a mimbcr of stiff hairs {cibrisaa') , which pmjoct across the open- ings, and serve to arrest the passage of foreign substances which might be drawn up with air Intended for respiration. The skeleton or frame- work of the nose is partly composed of the bones forming the top and sides of the bridge and partly of cartilages, there being on either side an upper lateral anil a lower lateral cartilage, to the latter of which are attached three or foir small car- tilaginous plates, termed sesamoid cartilages; there is also the cartilage of the .septum which separates the nostrils, and is in association |)os- tcriorly with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and with the vomer, forming a compli'tc partition between the right and left nasal fossat. It is the lower lateral, termed by some writers the alar cartilage,, which by its llexibillty and curved shape forms the dilatable ehamber just within the nostril. The nasal cartilages are capa- ble of being slightly moved, and the nostrils of being dilated or contracted by various small mus- cles, which it is unnecessary to describe. The nasal fossw, which constitute the internal Jiart of the nose, are lofty, and of considerable depth. They open in front by the nostrils, and behind they terminate by a vertical slit on either side in the upper part of the ph;irynx. above the soft palate, and near the orifices of the Eustachian tubes, which proceed to the tympanic cavity of the ear. The niueuous membrane lining the nose and its cavities is calleii pituitary, from the nature of its secretion, or Schneiderian, from Schneider, the first anatomist who showed (hat the secretion proceeded from the mucous membrane, and not, as was previously imagined, from the brain; it is continuous with the skin of the face at the no.strlls. with the mucous covering of the eye through the lachrymal duct (see Eve), and with that of tlu' pharynx and middle ear posteriorly. On the septum and spongy bones bounding the direct passage from the nostrils to the throat, the lining membrane is compar;i(ivcly thick, liartly in consequence of a multitude of glands being disseminated beneath it. and opening upon it, but chiefly, perhaps, from the presence of ample and capacious submucous plexuses of both arteries and veins, of which the latter are by far the more large and tortuous. These plexuses, lying as they do in a region exposed more than any other to exteriiiil cooling inlliicnccs. a|ipear to be designed to promote the warmth of the part, and to elevate the tem])erature of the air on its passage to the lungs. In the vicinity of the nostrils, the mucous nienibrane exhibits liiipilhe and a scaly epithelium. like the cor- responding parts of the skin. In the sinuses, and in all the lower region of the nose, the epithelium is of extreme delicacy, being of the columnar variety, and clothed with cilia. In the upper third of the nose — which, as (he proper scat of the sense of smell, may Ik' termed the olfactory region — the epithelium changes frimi ciliated to columnar, and assumes a more or less rich sienna-brown tint, and increases remarkably in thickness, so that it forms an opaque soft pulp upon the surface. It is composed of an aggrega- I