Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/758

NOSE. 646 NOSTRADAMUS. a single true turbinal, but two pseudo-turbinals are present, ami the true turbinal is often more or less rolled on itself, lu mammals the nasal cavity is large, and the turbinals are extended to form a spon<:y labyrinth, the projections of which, known as olfactory scrolls, are normally five in number, though they sometimes become more or less fused in pairs. Thus there is sometimes one, but usually two, superior or upper turbinals, and there is usually one, but sometimes two, middle turbinals. The so-called superior and middle turbinals of man are somewhat diireront in their origin, but the inferior turbinal is derived from and eorresi)onds to the single tur- binal of reptiles and birds. The external nose of mammals is formed by an extension outward of the nasal bones, sup- ported and strengthened by a cartilaginous out- growth of the ethmoid. The size and appearance of the nose depends chiefly upon its function, for it is often elongated for some special purpose. NOSE-APE. See Proboscis JIoskey. NOSEBLEED. See Epistaxis. NOS'ELITE ( named in honor of K. T. Xosc, a (icriii.iu (luuiisl), or Xo.seam. A mineral made up of the sulphates and silicates of sodium and aluminum. It crystallizes in the isometric sys- tem, is translucent, and has a gray, blue, or brown color. It cucurs in certain igneous rocks .such as phonolite and nepheline syenite. It is found chielly in Germany, and on the Canary and Cape Verde Islands. NOSOL'OGY (from Gk. vSaa, iiosos, disease -f- -'Koyia, -loyia, account, from ^.iyav, Icgein, to say) . The branch of medical science which treats of the classification and nomenclature of diseases. The old idea was that diseases could be divided into classes, orders, genera, and species, ilany systems have been proposed, used, and abandoned. Some of these have been based upon theories of causation, others upon the symp- toms manifested, the part <u' system of the body atTected. or the pathological elfects observed. For statistical |>urposcs the system devised by Dr. William Farr, a distinguished medical statis- tician of London, has been more recently used in Great Uritain and America, its most complete development being the nomenclature of diseases issued by the Hoyal College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1884. tlw latest- revision being in 1801. This system divides all diseases into two great classes, namely, general and local diseases. The first class includes all those maladies which atTeet the whole body, or which may affect several parts at one lime, and is divided into four groups. The first group includes diseases due to morbid poisons or specific infections, such as scarlet fever, measles, etc. The second group embraces diseases which are dependent upon external agencies other than the specific infections, ns parasites, chemical poisons, climate, etc. The third groip includes the so-called developmental dist'ases. such as malformations and old age. The fourth group embraces a niimber of un- classified afTections, as rheumatism, gout. leprosy, cretinism, etc. The second great class, that of local diseases, includes those peculiar to the varinns systems of the body, such as the nervous system, the circulatorj' system, etc. Tt is evident that no single scheme of clnssifien- tion will answer every purpose. It is equally obvious that every system must be subject to constant modification by the advances in medical knowledge. This is notably true of the recent discoveries in bacteriology. Among writers of the present day the tendency is toward a very simple classification, and tlie following arrange- ment of diseases may be accepted aij the one which, with modifications, is in general use: (1) iS/Jcci/ic infect iiiii.i diseases, represented by the cxanthematti, syphilis, tuberculosis, and malaria. (2) Consliititiomil diseases, for example, gout, rheumatism, and diabetes. (3) Diseases of the digestive system, e.g. gas- tritis, jaundice, and enteritis. (4) Diseases vf the respiratory system, as nasal catarrh, laryngitis, bronchitis, and pneu- monia. (.5) Diseases of the circulatory system, as endocarditis, aneurism, and arterio-selerosis. (G) Diseases of the bUiod and ductless glands, as anajmia, leucocytha;mia, Addison's disease, and goitre. (7) Diseases of the kidneys, as Bright's dis- ease, unrniia. and pyelitis. (8) Diseases of the ncrcous system (including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves), as epi- lepsy, chorea, myelitis, and sciatica. (!)) Diseases of the muscles, the muscular atrophies and distrophies. (10) The intoxications: alcoholism, the drug habits, lead and arsenic poisoning. (11) Diseases due to animal parasites: tape- worm, trichiniasis, and pediculosis. To these must be added the diseases peculiar to special organs, the eye, ear, skin, and generative organs. NOSSI-'BE, nAs's6'l);'. An island ofT the northwest coast of JIadagascar, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. It has an area of 111 square miles, is volcanic and moun- tainous, and well wooded. Parts of it are well cultivated, and produce sugarcane, cofTce, rice, and vanilla. The chief town is Hellville. on the south coast, an important port of call with ship- ping amounting to more than half a million tons annually. The jiopulation of the island in 1901 was O.ifiO, chielly Sakalavas of Madagascar. The island was ceded to France by Madagascar in 1840. and in 1890, when the latter became a French possession. Xossi-BP was placed under the autluirityof the Governor-tieneral of Madagascar. NOSTAL'GIA (Xeo-I.at., from Gk. voffraXyta, from ro(rToX7eri', nostalgiin, to Ix? homesick, from vi<TTos, nostos, return -f iyos. algos, grief, dis- tress). A feeling of melancholy, caused by grief on account of absence from one's home or eountrj', of which the English equivalent is homesickness. Nostalgia represents a combination of psychic and bodily disturbances, and must be resarded as a disease. It may lead to melancholia and even death. It is more ajit to afi'ect persona whose absence from hi>nie is forced than those whose absence is V(duntary. NOS TRADATttUS (MiriTEi. de XoTREnvME) ( l."in:i (Ji;). A French a-;trolo2cr of .Tewish descent, born at Saint Remy in Provence. He entered the College of Avignon, and after complet- ing his course there went to Montpellier. where he studied medicine. .At this time a terrible pestilence desolated the southern part of France, and during the four years that it continued I