Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/820

NYASSA. 698 NYDIA. the Zambezi through the Shire River. Anchorage can be found in some of the creeks and river moutlis, and several British and (ierman steam- ers ply regularly on the lake, which is bounded on the west by British Central Africa, and on the northeast by German East Africa. Lake Nyassa was discovered by Livingstone in 1859. NYASSALAND, nyas'sa-lrmd. Formerly the nanu- .ii the British Central Africa Protecto- rate di.v.i. NYAYA, nyii'ya (Skt., analysis'). The name of the sixth and latest of the orthodox systems of ancient Hindu philosophy. Of the six systems the ilimamsa and Vedanta are grouped togetlier as more closely connected in dealing with divine and spiritual matters. The JJyaya and ^'aiseshika systems form a group, having in common especially the atomic theory of the universe, and a cle4r and logical classifica- tion of ideas. The latter feature is particularly characteristic of the Nyaya system, so that it is commonly spoken of as 'Logic' although it is really a )>hilosophical system. The Xyaya agrees ■with all the other systems in promising to its followers linal beatitude. The way to the at- tainment of supreme bliss is through a knowl- edge of the principles taught by this particular system. These principles are embodied in the sixteen 'topics,' pramana, or means of knowledge, prami'ya, or objects of inquiry, samiarja, or doubt, prai/ojuiia, or purpose, drxtiinla, or prece- dent, »i(l(lhditta. or tenet, arnyatii. or syllogistic member, tttrkn, or confutation, nini<ii/a, or ascer- tainment, it'idii. or discussion, jalpii, or wrang- ling, ritanila. or caviling, hctvohham, or fallacy, chnlu, or prevarication, jtlti. or futile objections, and ni(ir(ihiisthunn. or failure in argument. The great prominence given by the Xyaya to the method hy means of which truth might be ascertained has sometimes misled European writ- ers into the belief that it is merely a sy.stem of formal logic, not engaged in metaphysical inves- tigations. It was, however, really intended to be a complete system of philosophical investiga- tion: and some questions, such as the nature of intellect and articulated sound, or those of genus, variety, and individual, it has treated in a mas- terly manner. The foiiiifler of the Nyaya system is said to have Iwen (Jotama, or Gautama. The events of his life and his date are quite unknown, though it is probable that the work attributed to him is, in its present shape, later than the work of the grammarian Panini (q.v. ). It consists of five books, or AdhjiCuinx. each divided into two "days' or diurnal lessons, which are again sub- divided into sections or topics, each of which contains several aphorisms, or Sfitrax. Like the te.xt-books of other sciences among the Hindus, it has been explained by commentaries, which, in their turn, have been made the bases of more popular or cleiiientarv treatises. The Nyaya system, like the kindred Vaiseshika, was originally atheistic. It became theistie later, but without acknowledging the existence of a per.sonal (!od as a creator of matter. This fea- ture, which it shares with the later form of the Vaiseshika, was elaborated in I'dayanaeharya's Kii.iiitnai'ijnli (about a.d. l'20fl). and in some other works. The .Sanskrit tex-t of the Sutras of Gotama. with a commentary bv Visvnnatha, was edited at Calcutta (18"28), and the first four books, and part of the fifth, of the text, with an English version, an English commentary, and extracts from the commentary by Ballantyne (Allahabad, lSdO-o4 1 . Jlore recent is the edition of the ydya l:iutras at Benares (18!)G) ; also Udayana- charya's Kusumanjali (Calcutta, 1895), Con- sult: Garbe, The Philosophy of Ancient India (Chicago, 1897) ; Max Miiller, The Six Systems of Indian Philosophii (New York, 1899). See MiMAilSA; SaXKHYA; SlJTRA ; VAISESHIKA; Vedanta; Yoga. NYBLOM, nu'blom. Karl RtJPEBT (1832—). A Swe<lish jiipet and critic, born at Upsala. He studied at the university in his native town, and was professor of esthetics and of the history of art and literature there from 1807 to 1897. His publications include some valuable studies of art under the title, Estcliska shidicr (187.3-84). His works in poetry include: Diktrr (18t)0) ; Bilder fran Italicn (1804, revised as Et tar i Sodern. 1883); A'l/o Vikter (1865); Vers och Prosa (1870); and Yalda. Dikter (1876). Besides these original works he translated Moore's Melodies and the Sonnets of Shakespeare. NYBORG, nu'bOr-y'. A seaport of Denmark, situated on the east coast of the island of Fiinen. 17 miles southeast of Odense (Map: Den- mark, D 3) . There are an old Gothic church, and the remains of an ancient palace, formerly a royal residence, but now used as an arsenal. The harbor is accessible for large ves.sels, and a line of ferry-boats runs across the Great Belt to Korsiir in Zealand. Nyborg is of considerable in- dustrial importance, having large iron foundries, steam textile mills, and tobacco factories, besides a large trade in grain. Population, in 1890, 6049; in 1901, 7785. Nyborg was founded in the twelfth century, and soon became one of the foremost cities of Denmark, being the regular meeting place of the early Government assem- blies. NYC'TALO'PIA (Lat., from Gk. wrriXw^, nyktnlfipx. night-blind, from wJf, nyx. night -(- cJf, ops, face, eye). Night-blindness. An afTec- tion of vision due rather to defective power of retinal adaptation than to defective light-sense, but resulting in a limited ability to see in a faint light. See Sight, Defects of. NYCTEBI'BIA ( Neo- Lat., from Gk. mertplt, nykteris, bat + /3/os, hios. life). An extremely curious genus of degraded, parasitic Hies having neither wings nor balancers. It is the sole genus of the family Nvctcribiida-. It resembles the Hippohoscid;e in parasitic habits, and in the retention of the eggs within the abdomen of the female, until they have not only been hatched, but have passed from the larva into the pupa state. The few species are all parasitic on bats. NYCTOTRO'PIC (from(;k. yi!{, nyx. night + rpoTri, IrojH; a turning, from rpiireir, irepein, to turn). A term applied to those movements of plants which are called forth by variations in the intensity of the light. A later and more exact term is photeolic. NYDIA. Tn Bulwer's I.nxt .Dnys of I'oniprli. a lilind llower-girl, of gentle birth, rescued by the hero from the slavery into which she had been sold. The story of lier love for Glaucus is modeled on Mignon's passion, but is individual-