Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/827

OAK. 703 OAK INSECTS. two is noticed in the luniln'r trade. The cliest- luit oak iQiurcus I'rinun) is a large tree with a deejjly furrowed bark and leave.s rcsemldin<^ those of the eliestnut. The bark, which is rich in tnmiin. is used extensively in tanninf; leather. The cliimiuapin oak {(Jikiciis ucinniiidlti) . and the dwarf cliimiuapin oak (Qucrcus prinoides) , by some botanists referred to Qucrcus l'rinu», bear edible acorns. The yellow oak, or quer- citron [Quociis tinctoria) , or Qucrcus discolor of some botanists, yields a valuable bark for use in tanning, and a dyestufV, (luercitron. The live oak (Qucrcus lircns or Qucrcus Viryiniana) is found jrrowing in the rich soil of moist cli- mates from 'irginia to Texas, also in California, ^Mexico, Central America, and Cuba. It is one of the hardiest of the evergreen oaks, attaining a height of GO feet or more, and six to eight feet in diameter. It was formerly extensively used in ship-building. The Spanish oak of the southeast- ern United States is variously called Qucrcus difiHatu and Qucrcus dilutntn, the latter name being also applied to an East Indian sjiecies. The name oak is given to many other trees and plants not related to Quercus. The African oak is a kind of teak (q.v.). In Australia a inimber of species of Casuarina (q.v.) are called oak, as are also species of Grevillea, Lagunaria, etc. Rhus toxicodendron is often called poison oak in the United States, etc. Fossil oak leaves are known in the Cretaceous rocks, where are also found some forms intermediate between the oaks and chestnuts. These latter indicate for the two genera (Juercus and Castanea a connnon ancestry in early Cretaceous times. In the Ter- tiary oaks were prominent members of the vege- tation and ranged to far northern latitudes, for their leaves are found in the Lower Eocene beds of Disco Island, on the west coast of Greenland. OAK APPLE, or Gall. See G.^ll-Insects. OAK CROWN, Order of the. A civil and military cprdcr of Luxemburg, founded in 1841 by King William II. of the Netherlands. It has live classes and is conferred on distinguished ar- tists. The decoration is an eiglit-pointed silver star, with a golden W beneath the royal crown on a green field, surrounded by an oak crown. The cross is suspended from an orange ribbon ■with three green stripes. The motto is Je main- tiendrai. OAKELEY, r.k'li, Sir IlERnERT Stanley (1830 — ). An English organist and compose!-, born at Ealing, iliddlesex. He was educated un- der native teachers, and at Oxford University. Later lie studied at the Leipzig Conservatory and privately (organ) with Schneider of Dresden and Brcidenstein of Bonn. He held several university ajijiointnients as lecturer on musical topics, and held high degrees from most of the leading iniiversities of Great liritain. He was composer (in Scotland) to Queen Victoria, and was knighted by her in 1870. His organ recitals were famous throughout the United Kingdom. His compositions include the Cantata Jubilee Lyrics, a sonata op. 20, considerable church music, songs, and an orchestral "suite in the olden style" (189.3). OAKES, oks, Uriax ( 16.31-81 ) . An American colonial clcrgj'nian and poet, born in England. He was brought to Massachusetts in 1G34. He graduated at Harvard in 10411, and showed his precocity by the early publication at Cambridge of a set of astronomical calculations, and shortly afterwards accepted a ])astorat<^ at Titchtield, England. His Xon-Conformist views comiielled him to relinciiiish his piastorate in 1002. although later he preached to another congregation. (.>n account of his learning and piety he was chosen pastor of the church in Cambridge, ilass.. w'here he began his labors in 1071. He accepted the presidency of Harvard College in 1075 (being formally installed five years later), and held this position until his death, which occurred in Cam- bridge, ilass., .July 2o, 1081. He was an elociuent preaclier, but is remembered chielly for /i7c(/y/ Upou the Death of Thomas Shcpard (1077). one of the best and most elaborate of early colonial jjoems. This poem has been more than once re- printed. For specimens and criticism, consult Tyler. History of American Literature, ii., 1.5-18, 103-107. OAK INSECTS. The insect fauna of oak is very extensive. Between 500 and 000 species of insects have been recorded that live upon the dif- ferent species of Quercus, and there are in ad- dition many other species which live in decaying oak wood and oak stumps. In Germany 537 species of insects of all orders have been recorded by Kaltenbach as preying upon the oaks of that country. It has been estimated that it is not improbable that 1000 species of oak in- sects exist in the United States. The roots of the live oak, and probably of the water oak, are infested by a great longicorn borer ( Mullodon mchinopus) by which the trees are permanently dwarfed and their growth arrested. There are several species which burrow into the trunk, the most prominent being the caterpillar of the car- penter moth { I'rionoxiistus rohiiiia). which oc- curs from Xew England to Texas and honey- combs the wood with large black burrows. Sev- eral flat-headed borers (Buiu-estid;p) and many bark-boring beetles (Curculionida>) afi'ect oak. i iM-d, OAK-I'RU.VEU. a. Adult beetle {Elapliidion villosuw); h, end of twig severed b,v larva from tree; c, reverse end containing mag- got; (1, same from side, split to show pupa within it. The oak-pruner (EInphidion villosum) and the periodical cicada (see CiCAnA) cut off the twigs and small limbs. The leaves of various oaks are eaten liy many species of lepido])terous larvfc, the most prominent being the forest tent-eater- pillar {Clisiocainpit disstria) and the large black and red striped spiny caterpillar of Aitisotn sena- toritt: These two caterpillars in the Atlantic and Centi"al States, as a riile. do more harm to oak forests than all other species cond)ined. Several species of leaf-rollers (q.v.) are found upon oak, a'nd leaf-miners (q.v.) frequently dis-