Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/84

MOUNDSVILLE. the State penitentiary, and lias a line court house, and a lanious relic of the niound-builders, a massive structure of conical form, in which two burial vaults containing skeletons and cop- per ornaments were discovereil by excavations of 1838. The city is in an agricultural and coal- mining region, has important commercial inter- ests as a result of its shiiiping facilities, and extensively manufactures glass, lumber products, enameled ware, bricks, cigars, grain cradles, flour and feed, foundry products, leather, etc. The goveriniient is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. Popu- lation, in isilO, 2CS.S; in 1900, 5362. MOUNET-SULLY, moo'nA'sv'l^ (1841 — ). A French tragedian, whose real luimc is Jean .Sully ilounet. He was born at Ber- gerac, February 27, 1841, and at twenty-one entered the Conservatoire. After beginning his career at the Odeon. he served in the Franco- Prussian War, and in 1872 he made his debut at the ThOatre Frangais, where in about two years he became a member of the company. Admirably gifted by nature, he is famous for the power and passion of some of his impersonations. His suc- cesses incluilc many of the roles in the classic lepertoire. Among them are his Achille in l/jhifir- »iif and his llippolyte in Phidrc, and also charac- ters in nu>re modern works like those of Victor Hugo. Perhaps his most notable achievement, how- ever, was his performance of (Kdipus the h'iuij in the fetes at the old Koman Theatre of Orange, a performance repeated in Paris at the Tlu'iitre Fran<;ais (1888). His Hamlet also counts among his most serious efforts. Consult Matthews. The Theatres of Paris (New York, 1880). MOUNIER, miMl'nyft', -Te.vn .To.seph (17.58- ISUlii. A FniK-li politician anil author, horn in (frenoble llsfre). He became judge at (Jrenoblc in 178.3. secretary of the estates of Dauphint' in 1788. and in 1780 was elected Deputy in the States-Oeneral. There he unsuccessfully advo- cated the system of two legislative chambers, a subject which he also expounded in his VoitxiiKra- lions mir lex (lourcriiemenls (1780). He was elected president of the National Assembly in 1780, hut soon afterwards resigned becau.sc of the decision to remove the Assend)ly to Paris. He withdrew to Switzerland and thence to Weimar, p>d)lished his /<<■ I'iiifliiriice altrihiire aiix iihiloxo- /i/ic.s', iiii.r fr<i lies- 1)111 riiiis rt mix ilUimiiu'.i sur la firiihilion ilr la f'riiiicr (1801), and in 1801 re- turned to France, where Bonaparte appointed him prefect of Hlc-et-Vilaine (1802) and councilor of State (1805). His further publications include Urrhcrchex xiir Jes causes r/ui out empcche les Frainais ite ilerenir lihrcs (1704). Consult De J^anzac de l,al«)rie, Tbi roi/alisle liberal en 1789 (Paris. 1887). MOUNT FOR Guns.. See Coast Artillery; Or.Ns, XwAi.: Ord.vance. MOUNT. WtLLiAM Sidney (1807-08). An American genre and portrait painter. He was born at Setauket. Long Island. November 2(1, 1807, and studied at the National Academy. New York, of which he was made a member in 1832. Jlis first works tn gain ri-pnti- were the "Daughter of .fnirus." exhibited in 182S. a full length por- trait of Bishop Onderdonk. and a number of clever ■hildren pnrlrails. It was not until the exhibition nf "Hu-king Cdrn" that his sppcinl 66 MOUNTAIN. talent for genre painting was recognized. Mount was the forenunier of a whole school of genre artists; he had a keen eye for humor, and was one of the first Americans to portray- the negro character successfully. Among his best ])aintings are: "Bargaining for a Horse;" "The Fortune-Tel ler," and a portrait of James Kiv- ington, in the New York Historical Society; "KalUing for a Goose" ( 1837 ) , iletropolitan Mu- seum. New York; "A Long Story" (1837), Cor- coran (oillery, Washington; "Turn of the Leaf." Lenox Library. New York. Mount died at his home in Loug Island, November 10, 18(iS. MOUNTAIN (OF. montaigne, muntaigne, Fr. moittaijiie. from ML. montanea, nwntana, moun- tain, from Lat. moiitaiitts. mountainous, from iiions, mount). A term somewhat loosely used for a high prominence on the earth's surface with st<'ep slopes. The distinction between moun- tain and hill is merely one of size. A plateau is distinguished from a mountain by its broader top and sometimes by its gentler slopes. Where a mountain forms a linear elevation it is called a range, ridge, chain, or sierra. Where the ridges are grouped in parallel lines, or en echelon, the groups are called moimtain chains, systems, or Cordilleras. These terms are sometimes given more precise meanings. Moiinlain riihie is some- times confined to a .series of parallel ranges, all of which were formed within a single geosyneline, or on its borders. Mountain system is ajjplied to a number of parallel or consecutive ranges formed in separate geosynclines of ap- proximately similar dates of upheaval. Mountain chain is applied to two or more systems of the same general region of elevation, Iiut of different dales of (U'igin. Cordillera is ap])lied to several mountain chains in the same ])art of the conti- nent. .Most of the nanu's applied to parts of mountains explain themselves. Crest, peak, knob, |>inna(le. needle, valley are familiar to all. A gorge or canon or clove is distitiguished from a valley by its steep slopes and narrow bottom; a park is a broad valley; a col or saddle is an exceptionally low point in a crest; a cirque is a steeply walled, outward facing amphitheatre near the crest of the range. Types and Okioix op Moi-ntains. Mountains are formed (1) by iiplift, (2| by circumdenuda- tion or land scul])ture, and (3) by eruptive agencies; and mountains formed in these three ways have characteristic and distinguishing forms. PAN STRtlCTURB. ALPS. (I) Ily far the larger number of mounlains due fo uplift are in the form of folds or wrinkles in the earth's crust. The.se folds take on a great variety of fiirni and arrangement, t'sually a number are parallel, but not coextensive in their lunger directions, lapping by one another rn cehrlim. They may be upright or overturned at various angles. They may be compressed