Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/849

O'CALLAGHAN. 721 OCCASTEECHI. and editor. lie was bom in Ireland, and was ediK-atiil in medicine in Paris. He removed to Canada in 1823. Then he became interested in the Iri.sh national movement, was one of the organizers of the Society of the Friends of Ireland, and editor of its organ. The Vindicntor. In ISoO he was eleeled to the Provincial Parlia- ment. In the year following he took a leading ])art in the Canadian insurrection (1837), and on the failure of the movement lied to the United States. Resuming practice in Albany. N. Y., he l)i'canie greatly interested in the records of colonial Xew York, and it was largely through his ctlorts that the work of publishing them was undertaken. Ilis published works inchide: Uistorii of 'Seio XctherJaiirh (184(1) : Docu- vieniarii Uistory of the State of ycic York (4 vols., 1S41)-51): and Docuinoits Rclatiny to the Colonial Hislorii of Xew York (11 vols.. 1855- (il). The two latter series were edited b.y him with introductions and elaborate and careful notes. O'CALLAGHAN, JoHX CoKXELirs (1805- 83 1 . An hi-h liisimian, born in Dublin. He was educated for the law, but went into jour- nalism. His chief claim to remembrance rests iipon his editoi'ial work in the secret history of the revolution in Ireland in 1688-91, written by Charles O'Kell.v, an officer in the service of James II., which was publislied under the title MaeiirifF Exeidinin (1840), and upon his Eislory t'f the Irish Brigades in the Service of France, from the Rerohition in Great Britain and Ireland I . under James II. to the Revolution in France ' iinder Louis Xri. (S()9). OCANA. 6-kiln'ya. A town of the Department of Santander, Colombia, 235 miles north of Bogota, on the upper courses of the Taira River. The town is situated in the midst of a fertile plain noted for its production of coffee, and in addition is the centre of a brisk trade between Vestern Venezuela and the ilagdalcna Valle.v in anise and hides. In the vicinity are deposits of coal and lead. Ocana was founded in 1572. Its popuhition is about 6200. OCARINA, ok'a-re'na (It., diminutive of oca, i,'<iose; so called from its reseml)lance to a goose- egg). A musical instrument of Tyrolese or Aus- trian origin, improved by French musicians. The ancient prototype of the ocarina is the Chi- nese hsiian, which was invented about 3000 B.C. The modern instrument was at first a molded jiiece of cla.v a few inches long, with holes for ke.vs, a mouthpiece, and hollowed within. Five diti'ei'ent sizes are now made for the different j parts in music, and a piston at the end is useil to temper the note. A row of ke.vs in the im- proved instrument takes the place of the original holes. O'CAKOLAN, o-kar'.Vbin. TuRLOOir (1070- 1738). An Irish hard, and one of the last of his calling, born in Newtown. Meath. He was blind from the age of sixteen, and spent his life wan- <Iering through Ireland, singing to the aeeompani- ment of his harp. Many of his songs, all of which were vigorously national in character, are still to be heard in parts of Ireland. A collection of his ballads was published during the eight- eenth centurr. but others of them have been hamled down by tradition among the peasantr.y. He died in Roscommon. OCCAM, Vu.Li.M OF, or Villi.m Ockiiam (?-134;i|. A famous schoolman, .suruamcd doc- tor sinyularis et inrincibilis. Little is known of his early life. There is some reason to believe that he was born at the village of Oekham in Surrey. England. He took the degree of B.D. at O.xford and afterwards studied in Paris. He was a Franciscan, and about 1321 became involved in a controvers.v which arose in his Order concerning the question whether Jesus and the Apostles o ed pro])ert.v. A certain Xarbonnese priest allirmed that the founders of the Christian re- ligion had all things in common, and the doctrine was vigorously supported bv "illiam of Occam and other inllucntial Franciscans, notwithstand- ing its condemnation by the Pope, John XXII. In 1328 Occam and the others, fearing for their safety at Avignon, lied from that city and made their way to Munich, where the.v were received and protected by Louis, Holy Roman Emperor. The remainder of Occam's life was jiassed in that cit,v, where he continued his dispute with the popes and labored to perfect his system of phi- losophy. Whether he ultimatel,v became recon- ciled with the head of the Church is disputed. He died at the convent of his Order in Municli in 1349 or shortl,v alter that .vear, Occam's most important work was done in the field cjf logic and philosophy. His system is commonly classed as noniinalism (q.v.), which had never before received so vigorousl.v logical and rational a treatment. Occam's chief works upon logic were the Summa Logices and Ejc/iositio Aurea Sui)cr Tolam Artcm Veterem. On philosoph.y and theolog.v he wrote Quwstiones and Sumniuhe in Ocio Libros Fhijsicorum : De Sacranien/o Al- taris; De Corpore Christi; Quwsliones in Quat- iiior Libros Sentcntiarum, based on Peter Lom- bard's SententicE, and containing nearl.v the entire theolog^i- of Occam. His polemical writ- ings against the Pope include the Opus Xona- ginta Dierum ; De Dogmatibus I'apw Johannis XXII.; Compendium Errorum Pupa'; Defenso- rium Contra -Johannem Papam : and Dialogus in Trcs Partes Distinetus, Quarum Prima de Hare- ticis, Secuuda de Erroribus .Johannis XXII., Tertia de Potestatc Paper. Conciliorum, et Im- peratoris. Consult: Ueberweg, Ilistory of I'hi- Josuphtj (Eng. trans., London, 1872-74), and the article "Ockani" in Herzog's Realencyclopadie. OC'CANEE'CHI. An eastern tribe of Siouan stock, living, when first noted in history in 1070, in southern Virginia, having their chief town upon an island called by their name, at the con- fluence of the Staunton and Dan rivers, just above the present Clarksville. The principal trading paths between the northern and southern tribes of Virginia and the Carolinas crossed at this point, which fact made their language the general trade language throughout the region, wliile their town contained aluavs a consideralile reserve store of corn and skins. In 1076 they aided the Virginians against the invading north- ern Indians, but were repaid bv being attacked in turn by the whites, determined to plunder tliC town. The Occaneechi re|ielled the attack, but with such heavy loss that tl'ey soon after aban- doneil their island settlement and retired south- ward into Carolina. In 1701 they were found liv- ing at the Occaneechi hills, about the i)resent llillsboro. X. C. but evidently declining, and sliortly afterwards they united with the Saponl.