Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/861

OCONOSTOTA. 731 tilities a delegation of 32 tliicfs, headed by Oconostota, iiad coiuu down from the mountains to arrange a peaceable settlement of the ques- tions at issue, but by order of Governor Lyttle- ton of South Carolina the whole party was seized and thrown into prison at Fort Prince George, where the_Y were kept under close con- finement until it was thought that the Indians had been terrorized into submission, when Ocon- ostota and two others were set at liberty, the rest being still held as hostages. Oconostota collected his warriors and besieged the post, completeh' cutting off communication for about two months. In February, 1700. on pretense of a desire for a conference, lie decoyed the command- er outside the stockade, where, upon a concerted signal, the olBcer was shot down from ambush. All the hostages in the fort were immediately massacred by the garrison in retaliation. War now broke out along the whole Carolina border, Oconostota being the leading spirit among the Cherokee. In June, 1700, a force of over 1600 troops under Colonel ilontgomery invaded the Cherokee country and destroyed one town after another almost without resistance until Xikwasi was reached, near the present Franklin, X. C, where Montgomery was defeated and forced to re- tire upon Fort Prince George with heavj* loss. Six weeks later the garrison of Fort Loudon, near the present Loudon, Tenn., was compelled to sur- render to Oconostota in person, on promise of permission to withdraw in safety on surrender of their war stores. Finding, however, that the compact had been broken by the concealment of a large quantity of arms and ammunition, the Indians attacked the departing troops and killed 30. including the officer in charge, holding the rest as prisoners until ransomed later. In June, 17G1, Colonel Grant with 2600 men again in- vaded the Cherokee country, and by the destruc- tion of their fields and settlements so nearly re- duced the Indians to starvation that they were finally compelled to sue for peace. Oconostota retained his authority in his nation and in 1768 headed a delegation which, at .Johnson Hall in Xew York, concluded a lasting peace with their old-time enemies, the Iroquois. He took no ac- tive part in the Revolutionary struggle, being already worn oit by infirmities, and in 1782 for- mally resigned his chiefship in favor of his son. He was still living in 180!). OCON'TO. A city and the county-seat of Oconto Comity, Wis., 157 miles north of Mil- waukee; at the mouth of the Oconto River on Green Bay, and on the Chicago and Xorthwestern and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul rail- roads (Map: Wisconsin, F 4). It has large lumber interests and an extensive trade in fish; the industrial establishments, besides the lum- ber manufactories, include flouring mills, a brewery, canning factories, etc. A productive farming, stock-raising, and dairying region is adjacent to the city. There are fine court-house and high-sclionl Iniildings and a public library ($1.5.000). Settled in 18.50. Oconto was first in- corporated in 1882. It is governed, under a re- vised charter of 1891. by a mayor, elected every two vears, and a council. Population, in 1890, .52in': in 1900, 5640. OCTAGON (Gk. oKrayuvnc, oJcfagonos, eight- cornered, from oKTiO, okfo. eight + yuvia, gonia. angle). A polygon (q.v. ) of eight sides. If the Vol. XI v. -47. OCTAVIA. sides and angles are respectively equal, the fig- ure is called a rvyuUir octagon. In this case each interior angle is 135' and each exterior angle is 45°. If the alternate vertices of a regular octagon be joined, a .square is formed; and since the angle between a side of the octagon and a side of the square is one-fourth of a right angle, the regular octagon may easily be constructed from a square as a basis. OCTAHEDBITE, or Anat.^se. A mineral composed of titanium oxide, identical in compo- sition witU rutile and brookite, but dill'ering in crystal habit. It crystallizes in the tetragonal system, usually in pyramidal form, has a metallic adamantine lustre, brown or Ijlack color, and a hardness of 5.5 on the mineral scale. It is found at Smithfield, R. I., in Burke County, N. C, and at various localities in Europe. OCTAHEDRON (Gk. oKracSpov, oktaedron, neu. sg. of uKTdcdpoc, oktaedros, having eight bases, from oktu, oklo, eight -+- iSpa, liedra, base). A solid bounded by eight faces. If the faces are equilateral triangles, four meeting at each vertex, the figuie is called a regular octahe- dron. (See Polyhedron.) This solid has four axes of symmetry, passing through opposite ver- tices, and is one of the five Platonic bodies, or regular pol^vhedra. The octahedron is a common form in crystallography, appearing as regular, square, and rhombic. X'ative sulphur is an example of the rhombic system. OCTAVE (Fr. octave, from ML. octava, octave, from Lat. oclavus, eighth, from octo, Gk. OKTU, okto, Skt. astan, Lith. usztuni, Olr. ocht, Goth, ahtaii, AS. eachta, OHG. ahto, Ger. acht, Eng. eight ). The interval between any musical note and its most perfect concord, which is double its pitch, and occupies the position of the eighth note ffom it on the diatonic scale. The name octave is often given to the eighth note itself as well as to the interval. There is between a note and its octave a far closer relation than between any other two notes; they go together almost as one musical sound. In combination, they are hardly distinguishable from one another, and their harmonics agree invariably, a coincidence which occurs in the ca.se of no other interval. For the purpose of absolute pitch every tone is regarded as belonging to a particular series of octaves. The ix^tave from middle C (q.v.) to the C below is called the small octave, the ne.xt lower the great octave, because in numerical nota- tion (q.v.) these tones are indicated respectively by the small and capital letters of the alphabet. The octave C-,C is called the contra octave. The octave from middle C upward is the one-lined octave, the next the two-lined octave, etc. OCTA'VIA. The si.ster of the Roman Emper- or Augustus, and wife of Marcus Antonius. She was distinguished for her beauty, her noble dis- position, and her womanly virtues. Her first hus- band was C. Marcellus. to whom she was mar- ried in B.C. 50. He died in R.c. 41. shortly after which she consented to marry Antonius. to make secure the reconciliation between him and her brother. The event was hailed with joy by all classes. In a few years Antonius forsook her for Cleopatra. When the Parthian War broke out, Octavia wished to accompany her husband, and actually went as far as Corcyra. whence Antonius sent her home, that she might not interrupt his