Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/913

OLD CATHOLICS. 779 OLD CHURCH SLAVIC LANGUAGE. presided, and roprcscntatives of the Eastern and An^'lican cliurclies jiarlioipatcd. The bishops of the Old Catholic Church in C!er- niany are chosen by the clergj' and pcoide to- {;etber. Its synods are rei)rpsentative bodies hav- ing the initiative in legislation. It rejects the doctrines of infallibility and the iminaoulate con- ception, the obligation to confess, and priestly absolution, hululgonces and the veneration of saints are nioditied. ilany ecclesiastical taxes are abolislicd, and the mass is recited in the vernacu- lar. The priests are allowed to marry. Unions for church improvement and charitable work have been formed, between 1887 and 1000, SOO.OOO marks were spent in church building. The .1 It- l-dtlioUxchrr Press- vnd fichriftcnvvrein had, in 11)00, 147G members in about 200 places. The Alt- IcalhoUsrhcr Hchiccstcrnverein in Bonn maintains a deaconess work. The Ainalic von hasaulx Jlaus is a training institute for nur.ses at Essen. The ('lifiritns mutual benevolent or burial society had 1742 members in 1900. An orphans' home was fomided at Bonn in 1897. In 1001 there were 5'.) Old Catholic priests in Germany, and from 50.000 to OO.OOO adherents. The movement early took root in Switzerlan<l, especially in Cieneva. and resulted in 1S7.3 in the fin-mation of the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland. Eduard Herzog (((.v.) was chosen bishopin 1870. In 1001 there were 41 congregations, 50 ])riests. withDr. Tliiirlingsas theological profes- sor in the University of Bern, and 50,000 adherents. In Austria the Old Catholic Church has 24 parishes and upward of IG.OOO members. Dr. Amandus Czech of Warnsdorf has been chosen hishop, but not consecrated, the Government withbolding its consent until adequate provision for an episcopal fmd shall have been made. ■ The Old Catliolic Union of Austria has been or- ganized to promote the work of the Church, and has local branches in some of the larger towns. A sisters' home was established at Warnsdorf in 1899. The progress of the Old Catholic Church in the Austrian Empire has been assisted in late years, particularly in Bohemia and Styi"ia, by a popular movement whose battle-cry is 'Los von Rom.' It began with the publication in 18!IS of a tract by an Old Catholic priest. Anton Nittel of Warnsdorf. At first political motives influenced the movement, but it has assumed more of a religious character as it has gone on. At the international Old Catholic congress in 1902 Bishop-elect Czech said that 7000 members had been added to the Church through the 'T.os von Eom' movement. A report piiblished in 1902 gave the entire number of new members in the Old Catholic churches in Bohemia, Moravia, Styria. Upper Austria, and Vienna as 8114, as compared with 18,082 who had joined the Lutheran and Reformed churches. In Holland the .Tansenist Church (see .J.X- senism). which is afTiliated with the movement, has .3 bishops. 8000 adherents, and .30 jn-iests. In Italy there are 8 congregations and 10 priests: in Spain. 3000 adherents and 11 priests. In I'ranee the 'Galilean Church' at Paris, founded by P&re llyacinthe (see LoYSON, Cii.rles). now under the charge of the Bishop of Utrecht, is in sjnnpathy with the movement. There are also a few of the communion in Portugal and Mexico. The so-called Independent Catholic Church in the United States ((|.v. ), founiled by the Rey. -Vnthony Ko.szlowski among the Polisli Vol. XIV. — 50. immigrants in Chicago, has been generally re- garded as representing .the movement in Amer- ica. There have also been a few congregations in Wisconsin. They have a bishop, Rene Vilatte. International Old Catholic congresses have been held at Cologne (in 1890), Lucerne (1892), Rot- terdam (1894), Vienna (1897). and Bonn (1002). A number of Old Catholic periodicals are published: the Internal ioiialc thvologisdiv. Zeit- scUrift {Reitie Internationale de llu'olof/ie) , quarterly, Bern; Amtliches altkatholisches Kirchcnhlatf, occasional. Bonn; Deutseher Mcr- Icur, weekly, ib. ; Altlcutholisches Volksblatt, weekly, ib. ; Der Katholih, weekly, Bern; Le Catholiqiie Xational, weekly, ib. ; De Oud Katho- lick, monthly, Rotterdam; Le Catholiquc Fran- Cais, monthly, Paris; II Laharo, monthly, San Remo; Girohimo ffavonarola, weekly, Piacenza; La Luz, iladrid. Tlic literature is voluminous. The reports of the congresses, synods, etc., the pastoral letters, addresses, and other publications of the bishops and leaders, and the periodicals, particularly the Deutseher Merkur, give detailed information of the progress of the work. For its origin, consult Friedberg, ISammlung der Akteustiieke zum ersten vatikanischen Konzil (Tiibingen, 1872), and Akfenstiicke, die altkatholisclie Bcuepiing heircffend, mit cinem Grundriss der (lesehiehte dcrselben (ib., 1870). Consult, also, Herzog, Bcitriige ztir Vorcicsehichte der cliristkatlwlisclien, Kirchc der Seliwciz (Bern, ISOtiJ ; Nippold, Die Anfiinge der christkatholiseheii Bewegung in der >S'e7M(t'i3 iind der Los-von-Rom Betcegnng in Oes- Icrreieh (Bern, 1901). For the history of the movement, consult von Schulte, Der AUknlhuli- zismxts (Giessen, 1887), and the article "Altkath- olizismus" by the same author in the Hauck- Herzog Realenegelopiidie, which is complete and authoritative for Germany to 1890. HergenrJith- er. lUindhnrh der allgemeinen liirehengrschichte, vol. ii. (3d ed., Freiburg, 1884), treats the move- ment from the Roman Catholic standpoint. A popular account in English may be found in an article by Beyschlag, "The Origin and Develop- ment of the Old Catholic IMovement," in the American Journal of Theologg. vol. ii. (1898). OLD CHURCH SLAVIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. The oldest language and literature of the Slavic group of Indo- Geriiianic languages, presenting one of the most important dialects for the study of compara- tive linguistics. (See Piiilolooy.) Formerly called Old Slovenian, and even now frequently termed Old Bulgarian,' the best name seems to be Old Cliurch Slavic, for the language ap- pears not to have coincided with any national or geographical division, while its use from an earlv time in the Greek Church (where it occupies a position somewhat analogous to Latin in the Roman Catholic Cliurch), and its evident Slavic characteristics, anipl.v justif.v the use of this term. The ]ilace of its origin cannot be exactly determined, although it seems to have been the dialect of a regicm in the Balkan Peninsula. The vides])rpa<l use of the language, however, per- mitted the incorponif ion of certain Pannonian- isms and Boheniianisnis or Slovenianisnis, even in the oldest records. It ne'ertlicless remained free from the Russian, Servian, and other im- portations which characterize the later form of the language which may be called Cliurch Slavic. Ill its phonologv Old Church Slavic adheres