Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/916

OLDENBURG. 782 OLDHAM. hard VI., Duke of Schlfswijr-llolstein. His eldest Bon, Cliristian, was chosen King of Denmark (1448) and of Norway (14.50), and Duke of Sehleswig-Holstein (1460), thus foumlin',' (1) the royal line of Denmark, whioh hecanie extinct in ISiiS, in the person of Frederiek Vll. A younjier son of Dietrich continued the line of Oldenburg' which became extinct in 10G7. Adolph, son of Frederick I. of Denmark, founded (2) the ducal line of tJottorp, whose representative. Duke Charles Peter Ulrich, ascended the Hussian throne in 1702 as Peter III. A grandnephew of Peter HI., Adolph Frederick, was chosen King o^ Sweden in 1751, while a younger brother of Adolpli Frederick became the founder of the new- grand ilucal line of Oldenburg. (3) The ducal line of Sonderburg founded by dohn the Younger, the third son of Christian 111. of Denmark, fell ai>art into a nnniber of lines, of which the line of Augustenburg alone sun-ives. (4) The line of Beck or Gliicksburg was founded by a grand- son of John the Younger. Prince Christian, fourth son of Duke Willian of this line, ascended the Danish throne in 1S63 as Christian IX. (q.v. ). His second son, George, became in the same year King of Greece. OLD ENGLISH. See English Lan'guage; Engmsh Lni:i!.TLKE; Axglo-Saxon Language Axo l.rrEKATriiK. OLD-FASHIONED GIRL, Ax. A story by Louisa il. Alcott (1SG9). It was begun as a serial for Mcrn/'s Museum, a child's magazine, and afterwards enlarged. The cheery, unaffected little heroine is efVectively contrasted with some gay city friends. OLD'FIELD, AxNE (1G831730). A noted English actress. Though she was of good birth, her family was in humble circumstances, and she was apprenticed to a seamstress in West- minster, till as a girl she attracted the attention of Far<iuhar by her beauty and her expression in readini; a i)lay. She was then given an oppor- tunitv at DruVv Lane. At first the critics were doubtful of he'r dramatic gifts, but she made steady ])rogress in her art and became the .fore- most" actress of her time. One of her greatest successes was as Lady Betty .Modish in Colley Gibber's Careless Uusba/id (1704), and she cre- ated many jiarts in the 'genteel comedy' of the period, though she long felt a reluctance to tragedy. Yet she created thi' role of Jane fihore, (17'"l4). and was a superb Cleopatra in Cihber's C(r.iar in Eqiipt (1724), and her acting of Sophonisba (1730), her last new role, was said to have thrilled even the actors upon the stage. Her private life furnished occasion to- the gos- sips, and she was the acknowledged mistress of Arthur Mainwaring. and after his death of Gen. Charles Churchill. She was nevertheless on inti- mate terms with the great ladi<« of her day. and she was Iniried in Vc-,tminster Alibcy. Consult: the .luthriiticl; ilcmoirs of the Life of that Cele- hraled Aclress. Mrs. Ann Olil/irld (London, 17.30) ; Gencsle. nislorii of Ihe Kn(tUsh ftoric (Bath, 1832) : Doran. Anniilsi of ihe .^tnfie. ed. by Lowe (ib., 1888) : Baker. Kniilish Aelors from fllinK-espenre to Mncreadji (New York. 1870) ; Ru-i-cll. Jii prrm nliitivr Aelors (London. 1872?). OLD-FIELD LARK. A local name in the Roiithem United States for the meadow-lark (q.v.). OLD FOLKS AT HOME. One of the most famuu-; dl Sc.utlicrn plantation songs (1850). First line: "'Way down upon the Suwance Kibbcr." Both words and music are by Stejihcn Collins Foster, and were written before the aullior reached tlic age of twenty years. He realized the sum of $1.3.000 for the song, which still continues in undiminished popularity. OLD FORGE. A borough in Lackawanna County, Pa., four miles southwest of Scrantnn; on the Lackawanna Piver, and on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, the Lehigh Valley, and the New York, Susquehanna and Western railroads (.Map: Pennsylvania, F 2). It is in the anthracite regiim and is princi])ally engaged in eoal-ndning. There are also a silk mill, large chemical and fertilizer works, and a glass-blow- ing plant. The high-school building is one of the finest in the county. The government is vested in a burgess, elected every three years, and a borough council. Settled in 1830, Old Forge was incorporated in 1809, having been organized from a part of the township of the same name. Population, in 1000, 5G30. OLD GRIMES. A poem and popular song by the .iiieiiiaii writer Albert G. Greene (1802- eS), the name being taken from one of Crabbe's metrical tales. OLD GUARD, The. The name borne by a select limly of Krciich troops during the First Em- pire. It was created by Xajioleon I. in 1804 out of the preexisting Consular Guard and cimi- prised picked men from every arm of the ser- vice. The Old (Uiard had its own general staff and received orders only from its own command- er. Subseiiueiitly the name was usually re- .strieted to a body of infantry consisting of three regiments of grenadiers and two rcgimejits of chasseurs. The Old Guard played a leading part in the Napoleonic battles and sull'cred propor- tionately, its numbers after the Bussian cam- paign being reduced to .iOO men. In 1812 the Young Guard was created to act as a source of suiqily for the Old Guard. The latter, greatly increased in numlier. ended its career in glory in llie la-t desperate charge at Waterloo. OLDHAM, rdd'oin. A manufacturing town in Lancashire, England, on the Jledloek, seven miles •northeast of Manchester (ilap: England, D 3). The parish church, the town hall, the Blue-Coat and the grammar schools, are the chief edifices. With its incorporation as a town in 1840, its municipal activity commenced. It owns its gas and water since" 18.')3, electric lighting plant, tramwavs. baths, wash-houses, hospitals, ceme- teries, markets, libraries, art gallery, teehiiieal school, and the Alexander Park of GO acres. Mod- ern destructors and installations dispose of refuse and sewage. Oldham owes its raiud increase in ]iopulation and wealth to the extensive coal mines in the vicinity, and to its cotton manufactures, which engage 300 mills with more than 12.000.000 spindles. The dam]) air of the region gives the humidity necessary for the sjiinning of yarn. It is also "celebrated" for its maiuifactur(>F of nia- chinerv for cotton-spinning and wool-weaving. In 1700 it was a village oif GO houses. Popula- tion, in ISOl, 12.000; in 18.31, ,52.800: in 1801, 131..-.00: in 1001, 137.200. OLDHAM, .Ton X (c.lG00-lG3G). An early set- tler in -New England. He was horn in England