Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/923

OLEOMARGARINE. 789 OLIER. Treasury DoiiartnH.nt, and Census Bulletin Xo. I'.ia (1902), on oleomargarine. OXEOM'ETER (from Lat. oleum, oil + Gk. uhpnv. iiiiiruii, measure), or Elaiometer. An areometer used for ascertaining the densities of fixed oils. OLEO-OIL. See Oleomabgabine. OLERON, 6'la'r0.'. An island on the west coast of France, belonging to the Department of Cliarente Infcrieure (Jlap: France, E 6). It lies opposite the mouth of the river Charente, 10 miles north of the Gironde estuary, is 19 miles long, and has au area of (io square miles. It is low, and for the greater part covered with sand dunes and salt lagoons, but some portions are well cultivated, producing grain, vi'getables, and grapes. Salt is one of the chief products of the island, and ship-building is carried on at the harbor of Le Chateau, which has steamship communication with Kochefort and other coast towns. The population of the island in 1901 was 17.033. The princijial town is Saint-Pierre- d'Oleron, with a population of 1338. OLERON, Laws of, etc, A media-val code of maritime laws promulgated and published some time during the twelfth century, by Eleanor, Duchess of Guienne (Aquitaine). These laws consisted of a collection of the judgments of the maritime court of Ol^ron, together with a compilation of the customs and usages of the sea having the force of law among tlic marinex's of that island, which was a shipping centre. Some years after this codification was made and published in Oleron. Richard I., son of Eleanor, introduced the whole body of these laws into England, They were one of the sources of the maritime laws of Visl)y, and were pub- lished in and had an important intluence on the maritime laws of probably all the countries of Europe. The modern English and American maritime law has been developed from these laws as a basis, influenced by the Rhodian maritime laws, the laws of Wisby, the civil law, and the customs and usages of those engaged in shi]v ping. See Admikalty Law: Maritime Law: Rhode.?, Law of; Wlsbt, Laws of. Consult the authorities referred to under Admikai.ty Law, and Twiss, Monumenta Juridicn. The Black Book of the Admirnlty (London, 1871) . OLEVIANTJS, o'la-ve-a'nus, Kaspar (1.53fi- 8)1. A German Church reformer. He was l)orn in Treves and studied law in Paris, Orleans, and Bourges, where he became acquainted with the works of Calvin, of whom, after having continued his theological studies at Geneva, he became an ardent follower. In 1.5.59 he obtained the post of teacher at a high school in Treves, and here he explained in popular lectures the principles of the Reform. He thus came into collision with the archbishop of the diocese, who had him im- I)risoned. On the payment of a large sum he was released, hut was expelled from the town together with his followers. .At the invitation of the Elec- lor Frederick III.. 01evi;inus became teacher and in l.ilil professor of theologv in Hei<lelher2. where, in conjunction with Ursinns, he remodeled the Church of the electorate according to the principles of C^alvin, and also worked out what is known as the 'HeideHierg Confession.' Upon the accession of I.ouis VI. Olevianus was deprived of his position and banished from the land. He then took up his quarters iu Berleburg, where he subsequently wrote his work on the covenant of grace, Uv fiuhstantiu I-'uiUris Gratititi. He was also successful in introducing the Reformed Church in Nassau-Siegcn, Solms, Wied, and else- where. Consult Cuno, Blatter der Erinnerung (in Olecidiiiis (Barmen, 1887). OL'GA, Saint (?-9(i9). A saint of the Rus- sian Churcli. She was the wife of Prince Igor of Kiev, who, having undertaken an expedition against Constantinople, which proved unsuccess- ful, was slain on his return to his own domin- ions (945). His widow avenged his death, as- sumed the government in his stead, and governed with much prudence and success until her son Sviatoslav came of age (955), when she repaired to Constantinople, where she was baptized by the Patriarch Theophilaktcs, and received into the Church, assimiing at baptism the name of Helena, in honor of Saint Helena, mother of C'on- stantine. She returned to Russia, and labored with much zeal for the propagation of her new- creed. She is held in high veneration in the Russian Church. Her festival is on .July 11th (24th), and the practice of venerating her ap- pears to date from the early period of the Rus- sian Church, before the schism between the East- ern and Western churches. Consult D'Elissalde Castremont, Histoire de Vintroduction du chris- tianisme sitr le continent russe, et la vie de HainteOlria (Paris, 1879). OLIB'ANUM (ML. olibanum, probably from Ar. al-luhun, the incense, from al, the --' hihun, incense, connected with Heb. lehiind, incense, from laban, to be white, Aramaic Uhiinela, Syri- ae lehontd, Phoenician Ichonat, incense, whence Gk. Xi^afos, libanos. Lat. libanitf:. frankincense). A gum resin that flows from incisions made in certain species of Boswellia (q.v.), growing in Northeastern Africa and on the southeastern coast of Arabia. It occurs in commerce in semi- transparent yellowish tears and masses; has a bitter naiiseous taste: is hard, brittle, and capable of being pulverized; and difi'uses a strong aro- matic odor when burned. It was formerly used in medicine, chiefly to restrain excessive mucous discharges ; but its use for such purposes is now rare. It sometimes enters as an ingredient into stimulating plasters. It is chiefly employed for fumigation, and is used as incense in Roman and Greek Catholic churches. Large quantities of it are used in China. Practically all the olib- anum of connnerce passes through Aden. OLIEB, o'lya', Jean Jacques (l()08-57). A French ])riest, founder and first head of the fa- mous Seminary of Saint Sulpice in Paris, and of the congregation of that name. (See Sui.pi- cians.) He studied at the Sorbonne, and then entered into close relations with Saint Vincent de Paul, whose zeal for the conversion of souls he shared. He was ordained priest in 1633, and Cardinal Richelieu later offered him the bishopric of Chfilons-snr-Marne, but he declined it. having already formed his plans for raising the spiritual and mental tone of the clergy by the foundation of a seminary. In 1042 he collected a few clerics about him at Vaugirard near Paris, and a few months later transferred his small community to Saint Sulpice, a parish in the Faubourg Saint- Germain which was in a very bad condition, Olier, liowever, instituted all manner of reforms and incentives to holiness, and by the aid of