Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/933

OLNEY. 797 OLS. at Brown University in 185G, studied law in Harvard Law Schoolj was admitted to the Boslun bar in 185U, and immediately became associated with Judge Benjamin b'. Tliomas, whose daugliter he married in IStJl. (.)hu'y ruse rapidly in liis profession, and was for many years cliief counsel for the ICastern Kaihoail, and later for the l!os- ton and Maine, as well as for other roads. Until 1893 he was not particularly active in public afl'airs, although he was a Democratic member of the Lower House of tlie ilassachusetts Legisla- ture in 1874, and was once an tnisuccessful can- didate for the office of State Attorney-GeneraL In 1893 he was offered the place of Attorney- General of the United States by President Cleve- land and accepted it. His most important act while oceupving this office arose out of the great railroad riots of 1894. In June of that year he applied to the United States Circuit Court for the Xorthern District of Illinois for an injunction to prevent the strikers from interfering with the United States mails or with interstate commerce. The injunction was granted, it was enforced by L'nited States troops, and the strike was broken. The action of the Circuit Court was later sus- tained by the Supreme Court, and as this was the first instance in which the power of injunction had been tised for such a purpose, it furnished a precedent of the utmost importance. L^pon the death of Gresham, in 1805, OIney became Secre- tary of State, and continued to hold that position tintil the end of Cleveland's Administration in 1897. In this period it fell to him to conduct the negotiations with England growing out of the disjiuted boundary lietween Venezuela and British Guiana, and his famous letter to Bayard, jNIinister to England, for the information of the English Government as 1o the American position in the matter, attracted great attention both in this countrj- and in Europe. Previous to the Democratic Convention of 1890, Olney was much talked of as a possible candidate for the Presi- dency. Upon the nomination of Bryan and the adoption of the free-silver plank. Olney refused to support the Democratic ticket. In 1900. how-- ever, he advised the election of Bryan, and gave as his chief reason for so doing the imperialistic ten- dencies of the Republicans. OLONETZ,_ a-lr,'nyets. A northern govern- ment of Russia, bounded by the Government of Archangel on the north, by Vologda on the east, by Novgorod on the south, and by Finland on the west (Map: Russia, D 2). Area, about 57,- 500 square miles. The northwestern part be- longs orographically and geologically to Finland. It is traversed in difi'ercnt directions by rocky ridges not exceeding 1000 feet in altitude, and separated from each other by lakes and marshes. The southeast part is flat, with the exception of the northern portion, which is somewhat ele- vated. Many of the lakes and marshes contain iron ore, and the Devonian formations near Lake Onega yield marble and sandstone. There are also found some copper, clays, and mineral springs. Olonetz belongs to the basins of the Baltic and the White seas. Its chief rivers are the Svir: the Vytecrra. which connmmieates with the Mariinsk C.nnal system: the Sunna. belonging to the basin of the Baltic: the Onen-a : and the Vyga, flowing into the White Sen. The number of lakes is estimated at over 2000, the largest of them being the Onega Ul-v.), Sego, Vigo, and Vadlo. The climate is harsh and moist. The mean annual temperature varies from 34° to 37^ F. The natural conditions are unfavorable for agriculture, and the local crops only partially suffice for domestic demands. Fishing is carried on extensively. Jlany of the inhabitants are en- gaged in lumbering. The manufacturing indus- tries are insignificant, and mining is in a state of decline. Population, in 1897, 300,175, or less than seven inhabitants to a square mile. The population is composed chiefiy of Great Russians, but there is also a perceptible admixture of Karelians (a race allied to the Finns) and Tchuds. Capital. Petrozavodsk. OLORON-SAINTE-MAKIE, 6'16'roN' saNt' niii're'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Basses-Pyrenees, France, 15 miles southwest of Pau (Map: France, F 8). Its prin- cipal buildings are the eleventh-century Church of Saint Croix, and in the residential suburb of Sainte Marie, a Romanesque-Gothic cathedral also dating from the eleventh century. The town is in an agricidtural region, and manufactures leather, flour, and woolens. It is the Roman Iluro; dur- ing the Reformation it was a stronghold of Catholicism. Population, in 1901, 9078. OLOT, 6-lot'. A small town of Northeastern Spain, in the Province of Gerona, situated among the foothills of the Pyrenees (Map: Spain, G 1). It is the centre of an interesting volcanic region, and is surrounded by 14 volcanic cones. The lava in and around the town is perforated in many places by blowholes, through which con- tinuous currents of cool air are expelled. Popu- lation, in 1900, 8017. OLOZAGA, o'16-th;l'ga, S.iLUSTiANO (1803- 73). A Spanish politician, born at Logrono. He studied law, practiced in his native district, Logroiio, and in 1831 conspired with other Lib- erals to assassinate King Ferdinand VII. He fled to France, but returned to Spain after the King's death, was elected to the Cortes, and became a leader of the followers of Queen ^laria Christina. In reward for his services, the Queen sent him to Paris as Ambassador (1840). In 1843 he formed a Progressist Ministry, from which opposition on the part of the Cortes forced him to resign. Ho was threatened with a judicial inquiry into lii< actions, and again escaped to France, retiirning to Spain in 184G. Olozaga took a prominent part in the adoption of the Constitution of lS;i."): received liis Ambassadorship in Paris again and held it for ten years, when he was ousted by O'Donnell's revolution. After the deposition of Isabella in 1808. for which Olozaga had striven, he was for the third time appointed French Am- bassador. OLS, or GELS, els. The capital of a circle in the Province of Silesia, Prussia, and formerly capital of a principality on the Oelsbach, 17 miles northeast of Breslau (Map: Prussia, G 3). Its castle, built in 1558, is the property of the Prus- sian Crown Prince, Among its churches are the Sehlosskirche. frcun the twelfth century, and the Gothic Pro]is(kirche, from the fourteenth century. There are manufactures of agriculturiil ma- chinery, cloth, wagons, and shoes. Popuhition, in 1900. 10.580. Oels was foun.led in the tenth centurv.