Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/263

POMBAL. 225 POMERANIA. He was deprived of his olTice; the numerous al- leged conspirators whom he kept in prison were released; many of his measures were abrogated, and Maria ordered him to retire to his castU- of Pombal. He died there Hay 8. 1782. Consult: iloore. Life of Foinbul (London, 1819) ; Smith, Memoirs of Pombal (ib., 1843); Oppermann, Pombul iind die Jesuiteiv (Hanover, 1845) : Ca- reyon, Prisons da marquis de Pombal (Paris. 1865) ; Carnota, ilartjuis Pombal (London, 1871) ; Weld, The iiuitpression of the Society of Jesus in the Portuguese Dominions (ib., 1877). POME (OF. pome, pomme, Fr. pomme, apple, from Lat. pomum, fruit). A fruit in which the flesh is developed from the cup-like out- growth upon which the sepals, petals, and sta- mens have stood in the flower. Apples, pears, and quinces are illustrations. See Fkuit. POMEGRANATE (OF. pome granate, from ML. poniiim iirinialum. apple with seeds, from Lat. pomum. apple, pome, and granatus, having seeds, from granum. seed, grain), Punieu (rrana- luni. A thorny shrub or small tree of the natural order Myrtaceae, native of Southwest Asia, natu- ralized in Southern Europe, and widely'cultivated during historic time. The cultivated varieties, which are scarcely thorny, have coral red wa.x-like POUEGRAXATE FBCIT AND FLOWER. terminal flowers, leathery skinned fruits as large as oranges, yellow with a rosy cheek. Each of the many seeds is enveloped in a sweet or sub-acid separate pulp inclosed by a thin membrane. This pulp is often used for the preparation of cooling drinks. A kind of pomegranate without seeds is cultivated and much prized in India and Persia. There are ornamental varieties with double flowers. The finest morocco leather is said to be tanned with the rind of the fruit. In the United States the cultivation of the pomegranate is confined to the southern part of Florida and the warmer parts of California, as the tree is tender, being injured by a temperature of 8° to 10° below freezing. In some portions of the South the plant is used for hedges. It is propa- gated by cuttings of both green and ripe wood, by layers, and by grafting. POM'ELO (Citrus Decumana). The generally accepted name of the grapefruit (q.v. ), or forbid- den fruit, a round-fruited, lemon-colored sub- tropical tree of the natural order Rutacea;. The sub-acid pulp is highly esteemed as a dessert, for which purpose large and increasing quantities are shipped to Northern and Eastern American mar- kets from California and the West Indies. See Colored Plate of Citrus Fruits. POMERA'NIA (Ger. POMMERN", pom'- mern ) . A province of Prussia, bounded by the Baltic Sea on the north. West Prussia on the east, Brandenburg on the south, and Meek- lenburg-Schwerin and Jleeklenburg-Strelitz on the west (Map: Prussia, F 2). Its area is 11.628 square miles. The surface is mostly flat, with isolated hills in the eastern part and a general inclination toward the Baltic. The coast is low and is very deeply indented, form- ing numerous inlets, among which the Stettiner Haff is the most prominent. The only river of importance is the Oder. It forms many ponds along its course, and falls into the Stettiner Hail'. There are numerous lakes both along the coasts and in the interior. The climate, espe- cially in the east, is somewhat raw on account of the proximity of the sea. Pomerania is chiefly an agricultural country, although its soil with a few exceptions is rather inferior and in some parts unfit for farming. The best agricultural land is found in the districts of Stralsund and Kiislin and along the Oder. Rye. wheat, barley, potatoes, tobacco, and several kinds of beets are raised in vast quantities. Some of these prod- ucts are exported. Cattle-raising is also a very important occupation. Smoked fish is one of the famous products of Pomerania. The manufac- turing industries ai-e of less importance. They are centred chiefly in the cities and are confined for the most part to shipbuilding and the manu- facture of machinery. There are also some glass- works, sugar refineries, tobacco factories, woolen mills, breweries, and distilleries. Owing to its numerous liarbors, Pomerania has a well-devel- oped sea trade, of which Stettin, the capital, is the centre. The province is divided into the three districts of Stettin. Kiislin. and Stralsund, and sends 26 Deputies to the Lower and 25 to the L'pper House of the Prussian Landtag. In 1900 the population was 1.634.659, almost all Protestants. The Poles and other Slavs number about HOG. History. The Vandals, who occupied the country at the beginning of historic times, wore succeeded in the fifth and sixth centuries l)y the Slavic Wends, who before the end of the twelfth century had been converted to Christianity. I'n- der the Wends the country was divided into sev- eral principalities. Two of the ]irin<-cs as- sumed the ducal title in 1170. In llSl they were recognized as dukes of the Empire by Frederick Barbarossa, and at the same time the Margrave of Brandenburg received the feudal suzerainty over Pomerania. In 1308 the district between the Persante and the Vistula, known as Pomer- ellen. was ceded to the Teutonic Order, but terri- torial gains were made on the w^est. Subse- quently the Elector of Brandenburg received the right of succession to the Pimieranian lands upon the extinction of the ruling house in the male