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POWDERLY. 331 POWELL. policy. In 1878, 1880, and 1882 he ivas elected Mayor of Scranton as candidate of the Labor Greenback Party, and in 1891 Republican dele- gate-at-large to the projected State constitu- tional convention. He studied law in 1893-9-t, ■was admitted to the bar of Lackawanna Countv, Pa., in 1894, and to that of the United States Supreme Court in 1901. From 1897 until his resignation in 1902 he was United States Com- missioner-General of Immigration. During the Presidential campaigns of 1896 and 1900 he ap- peared as a Republican stump speaker in the Vest and South. He assisted in establishing the Labor Advocate at Scranton in 1877, regularly contributed to the Journal of United Lahor, and wrote on economic subjects for various periodi- cals of the United States and Canada. He was also known as a lecturer, and published Thirty Tears of Labor: 1S.59-S9 (1889-90) : The Labor Morement: The Problem of To-Daij (1890, with James and others); and Trusts {1892, with Dodd). POWELL, pou'd, Baden (1796-1860). An English mathematician and divine, born at Stamford Hill. He was educated at Oriel College, O.xford, and graduated in 1817 with highest honors in mathematics. He was ordained in 1820 and appointed vicar at Plumstead, in Kent, 1821, but still devoted his leisure time to mathematics. In 1824 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1827 Savilian pro- fessor of geometry at Oxford, which he held till his death. He was also involved in theological controversies and wrote some works on this sub- ject. Among his works may be mentioned: A Xhort Elententary Treatise on Experimental and Mathematical Optics (1833); Revelation and Hcience (1833) ; A Historical Vieiv of the Prog- ress of the Physical and Mathematical (Sciences (1834) ; The Connection of Natural and Divine Truth (1838) ; A General and Elementary View of the Uiidulatory Theory as Applied to the Dis- persion of Light (1841) ; Essays on the Spirit of the Inductive Philosophy (1855); Christianity TVithout Judaism (1857) ; The Order of Nature Considered uith Reference to the Claims of Reve- lation (1859) ; Ore the Htudy and Evidences of Christianity (1860). POWELL, Fredehi(?k York (1850-1904). An English historian and Icelandic scholar. He studied at Rugby and at Christ Church, O.xford, where lie was law lecturer, tutor, and senior student, later becoming fellow of Oriel College. But he is better known as an author and a contributor to the Eneyclopcrdia Britannica and the English Historical Review. With Vig- fusson he edited and translated the Corpus Poeticum Boreale (1883), Islandica Antiqua, and an Icelandic Reader. Alone, Powell wrote Early England Up to the Norman Conquest, Alfred the Great and William the Conqueror, and Old Stories from English History (1894). as well as syllabi for the study of Dante and Shakespeare, and an essay on the sources of Saxo Grammaticus in Elton's translation of that work. POWELL, John Wesley (1834-1902). An American geologist and anthropologist, born at Mount Morris, N. Y. His parents' came to the United States from England a short time before his birth, and his early childhood was passed in Vol, XI._22. Ohio, Wisconsin, and Illinois. He studied for a while in the Illinois College, at Jacksonville, later at Wheaton, 111., and still later at Oberlin College, Ohio. Vhen the Civil Wax broke out he at once enlisted as a private in the Union Army; after short service he rose to the rank of major, and was subsequently offered the com- mission of colonel, but declined. While serving as major at the battle of Shiloh he lost his right arm. With the close of the war he accepted a position as professor of geology in the Illinois Wesleyan University, at Bloomington, later re- signing this to take a similar position in the Illinois Normal University. In 18G7 Major Powell visited the Rocky Mountains of Colorado for exploration and research. The following year he organized a party of mountaineers and" ex- plored a portion of the Colorado River region, finally going into winter quarters on the White River. On May 24, 1869, the party of ten started on their voyage through the canon, which lasted over three months and was fraught with great dangers and hardships. The result of this daring voyage brought Major Powell into promi- nence before the scientific world, and from that tirue until his death he was an active and con- spicuous personage among American scientists. In 1869 he induced Congress to establish a geological and topographical survey of the Colo- rado River and its tributaries, an undertaking which consumed the following ten years. The establishment between 1865 and 1875 of many surveys of the Western country, which acted inde- pendently and often in competition with each other, led Major Powell to attempt a satisfac- tory adjustment of these surveys under some combined system of operation. As a result of this. Congress in March, 1879, discontinued the separate .surveys and established the United States Geological and Geographical Survey, which had Clarence King as its first director. During Major Powell's Western work he gathered much valuable ethnological and anthropological mate- rial among the American Indians for the Smith- sonian Institution, and in 1876 this appeared in a volume entitled Contributions to North American Ethnology. On the retirement of Mr. King from the directorship of the Geological Survey in 1881, Major Powell was appointed his succe'ssor. In 1894 he resigned this ofliee to devote himself to the directorship of the Bureau of Anthropology, and to ethnological and philosophical studies. He died at Haven, Me., September 23, 1902. Major PowtII was a member of most of the important scientific societies of the United States, and served as president of the Anthropological Society of Washington and of the American As- sociation for the Advancement of Science. He was the recipient of many honors from foreign societies, among which was the Cuvier prize, awarded to him and his associates on the Survey in 1891. His important contributions to scien- tific literature include the following: Explora- tion of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries (1875); Report on the Geology of the Uinta Mountains (1876) ; Report on the Arid Region of the United States (1879); Introduc- tion to the Sttidy of Indian Languages (1880) ; Studies in Sociology (1887); Canyons of the Colorado (1893) ; and Physiographic Processes, Physiographic Features, and Physiographic Re- gions of the United States (1895).