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PRADO. 339 PR^NESTE. tion was, however, unconstitutional, and he was obliged to flee in 18G8. Subsequently he re- turned to Peru, where he was elected President in 1876, and in 1879 he declared war against Chile. In the latter part of that year he met severe reverses, and ^sailed for Europe, leaving the conduct of affairs to La Puerta, the Vice-Presi- dent. Prado was permitted in 1886 to return to Lima, where he took no further noteworthy part in politics. PRADON, pra'dox', Nicolas (1632-98). A French dramatic poet, born at Rouen. Nothing is known of his life except that he came to Paris at an early age and devoted himself to play-writ- ing. His Phedre et Hippolyte (1677) was or- dered by the Duchess de Bouillon and he* brother, the Duke de Xevers. who were at the head of the plot against the Phedre of Kacine. A claque was hired to applaud the worse than mediocre pUiy of Pradon at the cost of Racine's, and such was its success that the latter poet gave up the drama entirely. Other works by Pradon are Pyrame et Thisbe (1674), Tamerlan (1675), and RequUis (1688). Collections of his works were published in 1679, 1682, and 1700. PRADT, pnit. Dominiqie de (1759-1837). A French prelate and diplomat. He was born at Allanche. in Auvergne, studied first in a military school, but was ordained priest in 1783, and pursued his theological studies at the Sorbonne. becoming doctor of theology in 1785. Hade vicar-general of the diocese of Rouen in the same year, he represented it in the States Cien- eral of 1789. and, siding with the Clerical Party, was forced to number himself among the 'emigrants' in 1791. After the 18th Brumaire (Xoveniber 9th), 1799. however, he returaed to Paris and was introduced to Bonaparte, who, on becoming Emperor, appointed him chaplain in ordinan.-. and shortly thereafter Bishop of Poitiers. For his part in negotiating the Treaty of Bayonne. in 1808, by which Napoleon de- throned the House of Bourbon in Spain, he was rewarded with the Archbishopric of Jlechlin. Sent to Warsaw as ambassador, in 1812. his failure on this mission turned the favor of the Emperor, and he was retired to his diocese. He now openly embraced the cause of the Bour- bons and Louis XVIII. nominated him grand chancellor of the Legion of Honor, but in less than a year he was replaced by ^larshal Macdonald and also relieved of his Archbishopric of Mechlin, in exchange for which, however, he received a pension of 12,000 francs from the King of Holland. He retired to his estate in Auvergne. devoted himself to literary pursuits, and, being elected Deputy from Clermont in 1827. sided with the opposition. He renewed his allegiance to the royalist party after the revolution of .Tuly. Among his numerous works may he named: Eistoire de l'amhanf:'ide dans le grand-duche de Varsovie en 1S12 (1815: 9th ed. 1826); Da conrjres de Vieniie (1815); M^moirex historiques sur la revolution d'Espagne (1816) ; Des colonies et de la r^rolution aettieUe de I'Amerique (1817); L'E'iirope et les colonies depuis le congres d'Aix-la-ChapeUe (1821). Consult De Lastie-Roehegonde, Dominique de Pradt (Saint-Armand, 1897). PRiECOCES, pri-ko'sez (Lat. nom. pi., pre- mature, precocious). Those birds which, like the domestic fowl, run about and look after themselves, picking up their own food as soon as they are hatched; opposed to 'Altrices.' See Bird and Xidification. PRAED, prfid, Mrs. Campbell-. An Austra- lian autlior. See Austbaliax Literatube. PRAED, WixTHROP Mackworth (1802-39). An Englisli poet, born in London. July 26, 1802. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was distinguished for bis Greek and English ver.se; was elected fellow of Trinity (1827) ; called to the bar (1829) ; sat in Parliament (1830, 1834, 1837) ; became secretary to the board of control (1834) ; and afterwards deputy high steward to the University of Cam- bridge. He died July 15, 1839. Praed was one of the prime movers in establishing a national system of education. His light essays and poems were contributed to various periodicals. As a writer of society verse, Praed stands in the first rank. His typical moods — ^gay, pensive, and tender — are well represented by "Araminta," "The Vicar," and 'Oly Little Cousins." Consult: Poems, ed. with memoir, by Derwent Coleridge (2 vols., London, 1864) ; selections from the poems, ed. by Cooper for the Canterbury Poets (ib., 1886); and select essays in Morley's Uni- rersal Library (ib., 1887). PR^MUNIRE (Lat., to forewarn). In English law, an offense of the nature of a con- tempt against the sovereign and his government, and punishable with forfeiture and imprison- ment. The name is derived from the first words { prwinunire, or prwmonere, facias) of a writ originally introduced for the purpose of repress- ing Papal encroachments on the power of the Crown. The first statute of pra-munire was passed in the reign of Edward I. The suspen- sion, for the time, of the right of the patron, and the nomination of his own authority to vacant benefices by the Pope, was the immediate cause of various subsequent statutes of praemunire, which made it penal to endeavor to enforce the authority of Papal bulls and provisions in Eng- land. By later statutes, a number of offenses of a miscellaneous description have been rendered liable to the penalties of a prasmunire, as (by 6 Anne, c. 7 ) the asserting, by preaching, teach- ing, or advisedly speaking, that any persons other than such as are entitled under the acts of settle- ment and union have any right to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland, or impugning the validity of any acts of Parliament limiting and defining the succession to the throne. PR.a;NESTE, pre-nes'te. The modern Pales- trina. A very ancient city of Latium, situated on the slope of the hills about twenty miles southeast of Rome. Tradition ascribed its foundation to Telegonus, the son of Ulysses, or to a certain Cseculus, son of Vulcan. It was one of the important cities in the early Latin League, and is first mentioned by Livy (ii., 19, 2) as taking the side of Rome against the other cities of the league in B.C. 499. We hear no more of Prieneste until B.C. 383, when the town began to lord it over the allies of Rome, and two years later even dared to declare war on Rome itself. It was soon vanquished and forced to surrender to the Roman dictator, Cincinnatus (B.C. 380). In the Hannibalic war the Pra-nestines were faithful to Rome and were rewarded with an offer of Roman citizenship, which, with lofty local pride, they refused to accept. They spoke a