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PK.OTKACTOR. 4T-i PROXJDHOIT. rate of speed than is consistent with obtaining correct soundings. In selectin;; the point of oh- sen-ation care should be taken that the angles exceed 30 degrees if possible, and that the point occupied is not near the circumference of the THREE-ARM PROTRACTOR. circle which passes through the points observed. If the angles are small, a slight error in them is likely to produce a large error in the result- ing position; and if the point occupied is on the circle passing through the three observed, its position is indeterminate. PROXJ, proJT, Maurice (1801—). A French historian, born at Sens and educated in Paris, in the Ecole des Chartes and the Ecole des Hautes Etudes. After some time at the French School at Rome, Prou entered the numismatic museum of the National Library, and became professor of diplomatic relations at the Ecole des Chartes in 1900. He edited Le motjen uge (1803 ct seq.). Besides editions of Hincmar (1884) and of Honorius's registers, his most important works are: Raoul Olahcr (1880); Manuel dc palc- cgraphie (1889; plates 1892 and 1896); Cata- logue des monnaics fran(;aiscs (1892 et seq.) ; and La (laulc merovinriicnnc (n. d.). ■ PROUD, Robert (1728-1813). An American historian. He vas born in Yorkshire. England, l)ut emigrated to America and settled in Pennsj'l- vania in 17r>9. For many years he was a teacher of Greek and Latin in a Friends' academy at Philadelphia. Proud is chiefly noteworthy for his having written The Historii of Feivisi/lniniri in Xorth America, from the Oriri'mal Instituiion of that Province, under the First Proprietor and Governor. William Penn, in IGSl. till after the year 77,'/.?. He wrote the work principally during the period of the Revolution, with which he was not in sympathy, and published it in two volumes in 1797-98. The work contains original material that is of value to the student. Consult Thomson, in "Notices of the Life and Character of Robert Proud," in Memoirs of the historical f^oeietv of Pennsylvania, vol. i. (Phila- delphia, 1826 and 1864). PROUD FLESH. The popular term for ex- uberant granulations (q.v. ) springing up in wounds or on ulcerated surfaces. Such granu- lations must be treated with nitrate of silver or sulpliate of copper, either in the solid form or in strong solution. See Luxar Caustic. PROUDHON, proo'doK', Pierre Joseph (1809-05). A noted French socialist and polit- ical writer, born at Besamjon, duly 15, 1809. He was educated at the College of Besangon, where he proved himself an able stu- dent; but on account of the poverty of his par- ents he was comj)elled to leave before receiving his degree. In 1828 he obtained employment in a large printing establishment in his native city, and after eight _years he set up one of his own, which was not successful. In 1838 he imb- lished his Essai de r/rnmrnaire generale. which .secured him a triennial pension of 1500 francs . from the Academy of Besangon. In the same year he removed to Paris. Here in 1840 he pub- lished Qu'est-ee que la proprietcf (translated by Tucker, Philadelphia, 1888, in which he sums lip his doctrines in the celebrated dictum. La proprietf c'est^lc vol) . At the moment of jnibli- cation the work attracted little notice, and the sole results to its author were the withdrawal of his pension by the Academy, on the score of his noxious opinions, and the threat of prosecu- tion. In 1842, for a repetition of the offense in his Avertissement aux proprietuires, he was prosecuted before the Cour d'Assises of Besancon, but succeeded in obtaining an acquittal. From 1844 to 1847 Proudhon was employed at Lyons in the superintendence of a scheme of water transport on the rivers Saone and Rhone, pub- lishing during this time at Paris the two works entitled Dc ?f( creation dc I'ordrc dans Vhumanite and Hysteme des contradiction-^ economiqiics. On the outbreak of the Revolution of Febru- ary. 1848, Proudhon repaired to Paris, and on April 1st came before the public as editor of the Representant du Peuplc. By his 'igorous ad- vocacy of exti-eme democratic and socialistic opinions, he became one of the leading figures of the hour. His paper was sujjpressed in Au- gust; but meantime, on June 4th, he had lieen elected to the Constituent Assembly as represen- tative of the Department of the Seine. In that body he had comparatively little influence; he attached hiifiself to no political party, but at- tacked the radical Left and the reactionary i Right with equal bitterness. His importance as a writer was much greater, and as editor of three daily journals in succession he had great influ- ; ence upon the political movements. All three papers were in turn suppressed as anarehis- 1 tie and obnoxious — Le Pen pie ( November 23, , 1848-April, 1849). La Voix du Pen pie (October, 1849-May. 1850). Le Peuple de IftoO (.Tune 15th- ' October 13th). During their continuance Proi- , dhon was repeatedly subjected to fines, which ', were defrayed for him by popular suliscription. i In .January, 1849. he attempted to ]nit his i theories into practice by the institution of a i People's Bank. The bank was closed by the au- j thorities, and its originator fled to Geneva to escape threatened imprisonment. In .June, ho^ ■ ever, he returned, and his next t-Iiree years were passed in the prison of Sainte Pelagic. Yhile confined there he married. In .Tune, 1852, he was .set at liberty, and. quitting Paris, went to Belgium, where he continued to publish from