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PUMPS AND PUMPING. 547 PUNCH. pump about 50 feet higher, which in turn raised it another 50 feet. Both pumps were double- acting force pumps and the engines had wooden lever beams and Hy-whet!s. The pumps had a daily capacity of 3,000.000 gallons. The iron steam cjiinder of at least one of these engines was cut in halves, united by copper, and secured externally by an iron band 18 inches wide. This cylinder was 30 inches in diameter. A screw wheel pump of immense size and ca- pacity, but of very low lift, was put in operation at Milwaukee, Wis., in 1880. It is used to force water through a brick-lined tunnel, 12 feet in diameter and 2500 feet long, to tlush the Mil- waukee River, which is badly polluted with sewage. The screw wheel is 13 feet in diameter. At 00 revolutions per minute it delivers 525,- 000.000 gallons a day against a head or lift of 4 feet. On a run of a number of months it gave a duty of 09,000,000 foot-pounds per 100 pounds of coal. BiBUOCRAPHT. Consult: Barr, Hi/draulic Ma- chinerji (London and Xew York, 1807), technical, with chapters on pumps; Ewbank, A Descriptive and Historical Account of Hydraulic and Other Machines for Raisin;; H'd/cc, Ancient and Modern (Xew York, 1876, new ed.), a curious and inter- esting account of the development of pumps of all .sorts up to the early part of the nineteenth cen- tury; Hood, Xeic Tests of Certain Pumps and Water Lifts Vsed in Irrif/ation, Vater Supply and Irrigation Pa])ers, United States Geological Survey, No. 14 (Washington, D. C, 1898) ; also chapters on pumjis in general reference books cited under articles on Irrig.^tion and Water- Works. See Air Compressors : ARCinirEOEs' Screws; Drainage; Hydraulic Ram; and Steam E^■GI^E. PUNACA, pclu-nya'ka. A small goby or guiivina iDormitator maculatus) , dark brown, with lighter bluish spots, and from one to two feet in length. It presents a great variety of forms. This and a number of closely allied fishes (.see Guavin.*.) are called 'sleepers' because of their burying themselves in the mud in order to pass unfavorable seasons in dormancy. PUNCH (abbreviation of Punehinello, from Fr. Polichinelle, from It. polcinello, clown, buf- foon, puppet, diminutive of polcino, pulcino, child, young chicken, from puUus, young chicken, young of any animal). The chief personage in the popular comic drama of Punch and Judy, per- formed by means of puppets. See Puppet. The history of the play in which Punch figures is hardly less obscure than that of its desig- nation. The invention of the piece is ascribed to an Italian comedian, Silvio Fiorello, about 1600, but it was later modified by Andrea Cal- cese. and very likely it is in substance much older. The per.sonality of Punch has even been traced back to the simpleton Maccus of the an- cient Atellan farces, though with little other proof than its resemblance to a small bronze figure of the latter, discovered near Naples in 1727. The form of the play, as ^ know it, seems to be largely of French development, since our Punch is in several respects quite different from the character as he has survived in the vicinity of Naples. Having found its way to Kngland in tlie seventeenth century, the exhibi- tion became very popular there. Its popularity seems to have reached its height in the time of Queen Anne, and Addison has given in the Hpec- talor a criticism of one of the performances. The .scenes, as now given by strolling Punch and .Judif shows, are much shortened from those originally performed, in which allusions to public events of the time were sometimes interpolated. The minor variations of the acted version are infinite. •Jeremy Collier called Punch the Don Juan of the people. A similar character is said to exist in the puppet shows of India and elsewhere in the Orient. In Paris, Pimch, who is a great favorite of the children on afternoons in the Champs Elysees, is called Guir/nol (q.v.). This name properly belongs to a puppet character of Lyons, invented about the end of the eigliteenth century, quite local and figuring in several mimie comedies. When brought to Paris, the title was applied to the original Polichinelle. Con.sult works cited under Puppet; also Collier, Punch and Judy, with Punch's Heal History (3d ed., London, 1844), illustrated by Cruikshank. PUNCH. An important English weekly paper, devoted to humorous and satirical commentary on current events. It is doubtful if the whole story of its origin will ever be known, but the consensus of opinion seems to be in favor of crediting the original idea to Ebenezcr Landells, a London wood engraver and draughtsman, and Henry Mayhew, a well-known wit and writer. Tlie original idea was to reproduce in London the success of Philipon's Charivari, which al- ready had an established position in Paris. May- hew secured Mark Lemon as editor and a staff of writers, and the first is.sue was published on July 17, 1841. According to Lemon's manifesto, pul)Iished in the first number, it was destined to fight for the abolition of the Fleet and Marshal- sea prisons and of capital punishment, and to uphold the standanl of national integrity and virtue. It succeeded with the first part of its programme, and while it has ceased its crusade against capital punishment, it has consistently attacked abuses of all kinds, as well as every form of sham gentility, vulgar ostentation, crazes and fads, foolish extremes of costume, and silly affectations of fashion whether in language or in habits. Throughoit the world it is regarded as an exponent of English opinion scarcely inferior to the London Times itself. While it draws its materials as freely from the happenings of for- eign polities as from the occurrences of English national life, it has nevertheless always judged externa! events from the English point of view, and home affairs from the highest moral standard. At the time of its inception it was practically the only periodical which could be said truthfully to represent the attitude of the great mass of the British nation, absolutely free from party or governmental bias. Its humor, like its policy.