Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/670

Q Q as follows: The seventeenth letter of the Eng- lish alphabet. In Greek this letter was called koppa. and in Semitic (joph. It was early displaced in Greek by kappa (k) , surviving only as a numeral sign for 90. The development of the character was cp 9 9 Q Phfeuician. Greek. Early Latin. Later Latin. Soon after the Xorman Conquest the letter was introduced into English from Norman French words in q. It replaced Anglo-Saxon cv in sev- eral Germanic words, as queen, from cicen; quick from cw'ic ; quoth from cueel'. In sound the letter is the velar explosive. Since q in English is always followed by ii plus a vowel, the usual phonetic value {kic) is that of the velar explosive labialized. This sound is formed simultaneously in two places, the soft palate (velum) and the lips. Qii (pronounced kir) represents Indo-Germanic velar g in its labialized form gif, Indo-Germ. ffuna,, 'woman;' Skt. gna, Ba?otian Gk. ^avd, AS. cwnen, Eng. queen; Skt. jlr. 'live,' Gk. Plos ; AS. mclc Eng. quick. Almost all the English words containing qu are of Latin or Trench origin, as quadrangle, quart, etiquette. In some words borrowed from the French the sound is that of a simple A;, as pique, coquette. Qu does not occur medially except in such compoimds as inquire, requite, inquisition. As a medifeval Roman numeral Q = 500. In Latin Q. was the abbreviation for Quintus. Q. C. stands for Queen's Counsel; Q. E. D. (Latin, quod erat demonsi randum) ^ which was to be proved ; qr. = quarter or quire ; qt. = quart ; q.v. (Latin, quod vide) = which see. QUACK'ENBOS, George Patn (1826-81). An American educator, born in New York City. He graduated at Colimibia in 184.3, and studied law, but became a teacher in New York private schools, lie edited the Litcrarji Americnn (1848- 50), wrote a novel, translated Hauff's ULiirchen (1849), edited Spiers and Surenne's French dic- tionary (1852), and published many school books, including one on United States history (1854), one on rhetoric ( 1854) , one on natural philosophy (1859), one on English grammar (1862), and one on practical arithmetic (1868). QTJA'COLTH. A North American Indian tribe. See Kwakiutl. QTJA'DI. An ancient Germanic people of the Suevic race, inhabiting that part of Southeastern Gerraania (q.v.) which lay between the Galjreta Sylva, the Hercj-nian Forest, the Sarmatian ilountains, and the Ister or Danube. They were allies of the JMarcomanni, their neighbors on the northwest. The Emperor Tiberius placed them under his protection, and made Vannius. one of his generals. King over them. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius the Quadi rose in alli- ance with the JIarcomanni and other Germanic tribes. It was only after stubborn resistance that they were conquered in a.d. 174. Six years later Commodus, the successor of Marcus Aurelius, recognized their independence. Their subsequent history was inevcntful, and nothing is known about them after the end of the fourth century. QUADRANT (from Lat. quadrans, fourth part, from quattuor, four). In mathematics, one of the four equal parts into which a circle is divided by two perpendicular lines passing tlirough the centre. ( See Trigonometry. ) In astronomy, the quadrant signifies an instrument sim- ilar in all respects to the sextant (q.v.) and formerly much used for the determina- tion of angvilar measurements; it consisted of an arc of a circle equal to the fourth part of the whole circumference, graduated into degrees and parts of degrees. The quadrant employed by Ptolemy was of stone, with one polished side, on which the graduations were made. Tycho Btahe (1546-1601) used a similar quadrant, called by him the 'Quadrans muralis sive Tichonia,' at the observatory of L'ranienborg. For an illustration of this quadrant, consult Brahe, Astronomim In- staurata: llechanica (Wandsbek, 1598). Picard was the first who applied telescopic sights to this instrument. About this time the large mural quadrant (of 6 to 8 feet radius) began to be in- troduced into observatories. But these quadrants possessed .various inherent defects, such as the impossibility of securing exactness of the whole arc, concentricity of the centre of motion with the centre of division, and perfect stability of the centre-work, which led to the use of the repeating circle, otherwise called the mural circle. See Sextant. QUADRATIC EQUATION. See Equatioit. QUADRATIC RESIDUES. See Number. QUADRATURE (Lat. quadrat ura, from quadrare. to square, from quadra, quadrus, square, from quattuor, four) . In mathematics, the S86