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RAVENSTEIN. 725 RAWXE. of geography and his intluence upon geographical interests and improved map-making in Great BritaiD has been helpful. He carried out many of his ideas as to the best methods of imparting cartographic information in his Systematic Atlas (1884), and especially as an expert in African geography and cartography and the history of early explora.tions. His ilap of Equatorial Africa (1884) was the most notable map of a large part of the continent on a large scale that had been made up to that time. He was the first to receive the Victoria gold medal of the Koyal Geogiaphical Society (1902). KAVESTEYN, ra've-stin, -Jax vax (c.1572- 1657). A noted Dutch portrait painter, born at The Hague, where he entered the guild in 1597 and was repeatedly its dean. He was the first to paint those large groups of magistrates, and governors or trustees of corporations, and the like, in which Frans Hals, van der Heist, and Rembrandt displayed such mastery. The Mu- nicipal iluseum at The Hague contains four pictures of that kind by this favorite painter of the fashionable society at The Hague, to wit: "Civic Guard Issuing from the Doelen" (1616) : "Banquet of the Town Council" (1618) ; "Meet- ing of the Town Council" (1636) — superior to all others in coloring, full of grave harmony — and "Six Officers of the White Arquebusiers" (1638). In the Royal Gallery at The Hague are 24 por- traits, '"Colonels in the Dutch Service" (dated from 1611 to 1624). In the Brussels Museum may be seen the portrait of "Kenau Hasselaar," the famous heroine of Haarlem ; in Dresden that of "Maurice of Orange" (1605) ; and in Bruns- wick the portrait of a "Lawyer" (1622). and an interesting life-size "Familv Group of Ten." Others are in the Louvre (1633, 1634). in Amster- dam, Berlin, Munich, Copenhagen, and Turin, and a portrait of "Lucretia van der Meulen" is in the gallery of the Historical .Societv. New York City. KAVIGNAN, ra've'nyiix', Gustave Fran- cois Xavieb Delacroix de (1795-1858). A noted French pulpit orator. He was born at Bay- onne, studied in the Lycee Bonaparte at Paris, and having embraced the legal pro- fession (1814). and obtained his degree, was named auditor of the Cour Royale at Paris, and afterwards (in 1821) received an appoint- ment in the tribunal of the Seine. In 1822 he resolved to enter the Church. Having spent some time in the College of Saint Sulpice, he soon passed into the novitiate of the .Jesuits at Mont- rouge, and thence to Dole and Saint Acheul for his theological studies, at the termination of which he was himself appointed a professor (1828). On the expulsion of the .Jesuits from France (in 1830), Ravignan vithdrew to Brieg, in Switzerland, where he first taught, and then preached in various places. In 1835 he appeared in the pulpit of the Cathedral of Amiens, and finally (in 1837) was selected to replace Lacor- daire"(q.v.) at Notre Dame, Paris, in the duty of conducting the special 'conferences' for men which had been opened in that church. For ten years Ravignan occupied this pulpit with a suc- cess which has rarely been equaled, and his 'con- ference' are regarded as models of ecclesiastical eloquence. In 1842 he undertook in addition to preach each evening during the entire Lent ; and it is to the excessive fatigue thus induced that the premature break-down of his strength is as- cribed. He published an apologj- of his Order in 1844 (Eng. trans.. On the Jesuits, Their Insti- tute, Doctrines, etc., London, 1844) : and in 1854 a more lengthened work with the same view, Clement XIII. et Clement XI'., which was in- tended as a reply to the Life of Clement XIV., by the Oratorian Father Theiner. These, with some occasional sermons and 'conferences' ( Eng. trans., London, IS73), constitute the sum of the publications issued during his life. He died in the convent of his Order at Paris. Consult his Life by A. Frogier de Ponlevov (Eng. trans., Lon- don, ISUrii. and Poujoulet (Paris, 1862). RAWALPINDI, rU'wul-pin'de or ra'al-. A municipality and large cantonment, the capital of a district of the Punjab, British India, between the rivers Indus and Jhclam, 90 miles southeast of Peshawar (Map: India, B 2). It has a fort used as an arsenal and is encircled by a chain of defensive works. Its importance is purely military. It occupies part of the site of ancient Gajipur, and interesting archaeological relics have been unearthed. In 1849 the Sikhs sur- rendered here after their defeat by Gough at Gujarat. Population, in 1891. 73,800; in 1901. 87,688. RAW'DON-HAS'TINGS, Fraxcis, first Marquis of Hastings. An English soldier and statesman. See Hastings, Francis Eawdon- HastI-vgs, first Marquis of. EAWITSCH, ra'vieh. A tomi in the Prov- ince of Posen, Prussia, 64 miles south of Posen (Map: Prussia, G 3). It manufactures snuff, cigars, copper, iron, carpets, furniture, and horse- hair goods. Rawitsch was founded in 1632 by Protestant refugees. Population, in 1900, 11,739. RAWLE, ral, Wllliam (1759-1836). An American jurist, born in Philadelphia. After studying law in Xew York for some time Rawie went to London, and completed his studies in the Middle Temple. Returning to Philadelphia, he was admitted to the bar in 1783, and in 1791 was appointed Cnited States District Attorney for Pennsylvania by President Washington, in which capacity he prosecuted the leaders of the Whisky Rebellion. He was once counsel for the United States Bank, was chancellor of the Associated Members of the Bar of Philadelphia and of the Later Law Association of Philadelphia, and in 1830 assisted in revising the civil code of Penn- sylvania. In addition to his legal activities, he took much interest in science and in philan- thropic and other undertakings; was the first president of the Pennsylvania Historical Society ; and was a president of the Abolition Society: and for forty years was a trustee of Pennsylvania L"niversity. His publications include: T'liirfico- tion of Rer. J/r. Heckeic elder's '•History of the Indian Xations" (1818) ; A View of the Consti- tution of the United States (1825; 2d ed. 1829) ; and Discourse on the Xature and Study of the Laic (1832). Consult Wharton, "A Memoir of William Rawle, LL.D.," in the Collections of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, vol. iv. (1840). RAWLE. William Henry (1823-89). An American lawyer, born in Philadelphia. He grad- uated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1841. Three years afterwards he was admitted to the bar. and quickly rose to prominence in his pro- fession. He was vice-provost of the Law Academy