Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/148

BICHARD III. 128 BICHABDS. Henry VJ. and completes the series dealing with the ""ars of the Roses. BICHABD, Earl of Cornwall (1209-72). King of the Romans (of Germany) from 1257 to 1272. He was the second son of King John of England by Isabella of Angouleme. In 1225 he wa* created Earl of Cornwall by his brother Henry III. In the same year he led a successful expedition into Gascony. In 1240 he went on a eiusade, but accomplished little because hindered by lack of support from the military orders. He received many grants from the King at various times, and amassed enormous wealth, mainly through the possession of the tin mines of Corn- wall, which gave him great power in political matters. In 1253 and 1254 he was Regent of England. (See Henry III.) In 1257 Richard was elected by some of the German princes King of Germany, Alfonso X. of Castile (q.v.) being elected by a rival party. Richard was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. He gradually won recognition throughout the Rhineland, but not elsewhere. In 1259 he was forced to return home to raise money, and took an oath to observe the Provisions of Oxford (q.v.). In the great struggle which took place between Henry III. and his nobles, Richard at first acted the part of a mediator; subsequently, however, he took a de- cided part with his brother against the party which was headed by Simon de ilontfort, and on May 14, 1264, he was taken prisoner b.y that leader at the battle of Lewes. Montfort shut him up in Kenilworth Castle, from which he was released after the battle of Evesham in 1265. The murder of his eldest son, Henry of Almaine, by the son of Simon de Montfort, hastened his death, which occjirred on April 2, 1272. Con- sult: Koch, Richard von Cornwall, 1209-57 (Strassburg, 1888) ; Lorenz, Deutsche Oeschichte im IS. und Hi. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1863-67) ; Scliirrmacher, Die letzten Holienstaiifen (Got- tingen, 1871). BICHABD DE BTJ'EY. See Burt, Richard DE. BICHABD OF CIBENCESTEB (1335?- 1401?). An early English chronicler. Little is known of his life. He was probably born about 1335. and in 1355 was a monk in the Benedictine monastery of Saint Peter's, Westminster, where he spent his life, and died in 1400 or 1401. He devoted himself to the study of early British and Anglo-Saxon history and antiquities, and is said to have visited many libraries and ecclesias- tical establishments in England in the prosecu- tion of his investigations. In 1391 he obtained a license from his abbot to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Richard's principal work is the Speculum Historiale de Gestis Regum Angli(S, in four books, covering the period 447-1066. It is a compilation and not very carefully done. Con- sult the edition from the copy in the public library, Cambridge, bv Maver in the Rolls tieries (2 vols., London. 1863-69). A treatise on the ancient State of Great Britain, Ricardus Cm'inen- sis de mtu Britanniw (Copenhagen, 1757), was long accepted as a genuine work of Richard, but is now conceded to have been a forgery by Charles Bertram. BICHARD OF SAINT VICTOB ( ?-1173?). A scholastic and mystical theologian, born in Scotland. He entered the cloister of the Augus- tinian canons of Saint Victor, near Paris, under its first abbot, who died in 1155, and rose to be prior in 1162. His numerous writings, collected in Migne, Patrologia Latina, cxevi., may be di- vided into exegetical (in which he follows the allegorical and mystical interpretation), dog- matic, and miscellaneous.' In the second the nuisterpiece is the six books on the Trinity ; in the third appear his letters. Like other mystics, he considers divine grace as the ultimate source of knowledge, and the highest object of study is God Himself. Consult: J. B. Haureau, Histoire de la philosophie seholastiqiie (Paris, 1872-80) ; Kaulich, Die Lehren d^s Hugo und Richard von Saint ^ ictor (Prague, 1864). BICH'ABDS, Brinlby (1817-85). A British pianist and composer, born at Carmarthen, Wales. A student at the Royal Academy of Music, London, he won the King's scholarship there in 1835 and in 1837, and soon became known as a lecturer on Welsh music, and as a pianist. He taught in the Royal Academy, and composed an orchestral overture which was per- formed in Paris in 1840, and in London the fol- lowing year; supplementary songs for the Eng- lish production of Auber's Crown Diamonds (1846), besides pianoforte pieces, part-songs, and sacred solos. BICHABDS, Ellen Henrietta (Swallow) (1842—). An American sanitary chemist, born at Dunstable, Mass. She studied at Vassar (1867-70), and then entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a special student. In 1875 she married Robert Hallowell Richards (q.v.), and in 1884 she was appointed instructor in sanitary chemistry in the Institute of Tech- nology. She wrote: Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning (1882); Food Materials and Their Adulterations (1886); Home Sanitation (1887, with Talbot) ; The Cost of Living (1899) ; and Air, Water, and Food (1900). BICHABDS, JcsEPH William (1864—). An American metallurgist, born in Oldbury, Eng- land. He graduated at Lehigh University in 1886, and returned there, after courses in Heidel- berg and Freiburg, as assistant professor of mineralogy and metallurgy. He was a member of the United States Assay Commission in 1897, and attained prominence as a legal expert in chemical and metallurgical cases. He wrote Aluminum (1887). BICHABDS, Robert Hallowell (1844—). An American mining engineer and metallurgist. He was born at Gardiner, IMaine, graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1868, and in 1871 was appointed its professor of mining and metallurgy. Richards built up the laboratories in these two courses ; invented jet pumps for use in physical and chemical laboratories (1873), and ore separators for Lake Superior copper (1881) and Virginia iron. In 1901 he published Ore Dressing. BICHABDS, Theodore William (1868-). An American chemist, born in Germantown, Pa., a son of the artist William Trost Richards (q.v.). He was educated at Haverford College and at Harvard, where, after studies in Germany, he became assistant professor of chemistry in 1894. Richards was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a special student of the atomic weights of the metals. BICHABDS, Thomas Addison (1820-1900). An American landscape painter, born in London.