Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/268

ROMANCE LANGUAGES. 244 ROMANES. forms. The doliiiito article has been developed out of the Latin ille and the indefinite article out of uiius. The verbs commonly make a new future with habeo and the infinitive, as cantare + habeo, giving Italian cunlcrd, Spanish cantari', French chanterai, '1 have to sing, I shall sing.' The new passive is made by joining a past participle to some form of esse, 'to be,' or the active voice of the verb with a reflexive pro- noun. New perfect tenses have also been made with the perfct jiartieiple preceded by haheo or sum. A considerable array of suffixes has been developed with which new words can be built from various material. BiisLiOGRAPHy. Meyer-Liibke, Einfiihrung in das tSlndium drr romanischen Sprachimssenschaft (Heidelberg, 1901); Griiber, Grundriss der ro- ininiischen Philologie (Strassburg, 1888-1002) ; KiJrting, Enryclopiidie und Methodologie der ro- manischen Philologie (Leipzig, 1884-88) ; Hand- bitch der romaiuseJien Philologie (ib., 1800), a; shortened revision of the preceding; Gorra, Lin- gue Neolatine (Milan, 1894) : Diez, Grammatik der romanischen Hprachen (3d ed., Bonn. 1870- 72) ; Meyer-Llibke, Grammatik der romanisehen Sprachen (Leipzig, 1890-1901); Diez, Etg- mologisches Worterbueh der romanischen Hprachen (.5th ed., Bonn, 1887); KiJrting, Lateinisch-ronianisehes Worterbuoh (2d ed., Padcrborn, 1901). A well-selected bibliography, including periodicals and special investigations, ill be found in the first-mentioned work. For more detailed information, see the separate articles on French. It.^li. , Portuguese, Pro- vencal, Rumanian, and Spanish Languages. ROMANCE LITERATURES. The litera- tures of the various Romance languages, espe- cially French, Provencal, Italian. Spanish, Por- tuguese, and Rumanian. See Romance Lan- guages; French Liter.^ture ; Italian Litera- ture; Portuguese Literature; Proven<;^al Literature; Rumanian Langitage and Litera- ture; Spanish Literature. ROMAN DE LA ROSE, ro'miiN' de la roz (Fr., Romance of the Rose). A famous French poetico-satirical allegory of the thirteenth cen- tury. The work, which is in octosyllabic verse, and which is over 23,000 lines long, consists of two distinct parts, the first of which, in 4670 verses, was composed by Guillaume de Lorris (q.v.) about 1230. It is related as a 'dream,' and cele- brates the trials and triumphs of love. The au- thor, called Loving (Amant), in early spring enters a beautiful garden where there is a rose- bud which he feels impelled to pick. The god of love, who has followed him thither, pierces him with three arrows, each of which increases his desire. After various adventures, he obtains from Welcome (Bel-ticciieil) the permission to kiss the rose, but Jealousy comes up, surrounds the rose with a wall, and locks up Welcome in a tower. Loving, deinived of the sight of the rose, is overcome W'ith sorrow. Though commonplace in itself, this story is embellished by a great num- ber of poetic dei;ails and by the most graceful and vivid descriptions. The style, too, is pic- turesque and refined. For some unknown reason (some say the death of Guillaume), the poem was- interrupted here, and only after forty years was taken up and completed in al- most 20,000 verses by .Jean de Meung (q.v.) . ' The latter, of a very original and radical turn of mind, has been called the Voltaire of his age. He conceived the singular notion of sup- planting Guillaume's ars amatoria by an elabo- rate treatise on the scientific and political ques- tions of his age. Loving is accosted by Reason) who in a long argument endeavors to make him leave the service of Love. But at this point Friendship steps in and urges him to besiege the tower. Love also promises his aid and as- sembles all his forces. The action is here re- tarded by a long interview of Nature with her chaplain Genius. Finally the tower falls and elcome, set free, allows Loving to pick the rose. The main interest of the second part lies, of course, in the expression of the author's individ- uality. This reveals an amount of learning and perspicacity unusual for that time. Jean denies the divine right of kings and proclaims the sov- ereignty of the people. He condemns the celibacy of the clergy as innnoral because unnatural ; he expresses his disbelief in ghosts and sorcerers, and in the influence of comets over human lives. His work is also notable from a literary point of view; though prolix and often trifling, it abounds in vigorous descriptions, realistic portraiture, and eloquent invective. The immediate influence of the Roman de la Iiose surpassed that of any other mediaeval work. It is extant in more than 200 manuscripts, and a later remodeling by Marot was almost more popular than the original. It gave the impulse to the rise of allegory in other countries. Trans- lations into foreign tongues appeared toward the end of the thirteenth century. Henry von Ahem put it into Flemish, Durante — a contemporary of Dante — into Italian sonnets, and Chaucer into English verse. Unhappily for English literature, Chaucer's translation is lost. Bibliography. Editions : Mfen ( 4 vols., Paris, 1813); Michel (2 vols., Paris, 1864); Marteau and Croissandeau (with modern French transla- tion) (5 vols., Orleans. 1878-79). F. S. Ellis has made a modern English translation for the Temple Classics (3 vols., with a changed ending, London, 1900). Consult: Langlois, Origines et sources dii roman de la rose (Paris, 1800) ; id., in Petit de .Julleville's Histoire de la laiiguc et de la littcrature francaise (Faris. 189G). to which is appended a good bibliography; Saintsbury, The Floayishing of Romance and the Rise of Allrgorg (London. 1897). ROMAN DE LA VIOLETTE, de la ve'o'let' (Fr., Romance of the Violet). A French poem of the thirteenth century in about 6700 rhymed eight-syllabled verses, by Gerbert de IMontreuil. It tells of a woman whose virtue is the sub- ject of a wager. She is slandered, but succeeds at last in proving lier innocence. This Greek tale is the basis of the Roman du Comic de Poitiers, of Floire et Jeanne, the miracle of Ot et B('ran- gier, of the ninth story of the second day in the Decameron, and of Shakesjieare's Cgmbeline. Weber's opera £»7-jnn*7ie (1823) has the same story for its dramatic theme. The Roman de la Vioicltc was published by F. Michel (Paris, 1834). Consult the Histoire littMiire de la France, vol. xviii. (ib., 1835). ROMAN EMPIRE, Holt. See Holy Roman Empire. ROMANES, ro-mii'nes, George John (1848- 94) . An English biologist and psychologist, born