Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/541

SALISBURY. 485 SALISHAN STOCK. Oriental languages in Paris and Berlin. In 1841 he was aiipointed professor of Arabic and San- skrit at Vale. In 185-4 he surrendered his San- skrit work to Whitney, remaining professor of Arabic until 1850. He endowed the Sanskrit professorsliip of the college, and later gave his Oriental library to the university. lie was a prolilic contributor on (Oriental languages and literatures to the Journtil of the Aiiirricaii Ori- ental i^ociety, of wiiich he was the leading s])irit for many years. Consult Hopkins, India, Old ami ycir (Xew York, 1001). SALISBURY, KoBERT Aetiiur Talhot Gas- coyne-Cecil, third Marquis of (1830-1003). An English statesman, born at Hatfield, Hertford- shire, February 3, 1S30; a lineal descendant of Lord Burleigh and Robert Cecil, first Eai-1 of Salisbury. He received his bachelor's degree at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1840, and in 1853 was elected fellow of All Souls' College. In the same year he entered Parliament as the representative of Stamford. With the year 1S50 he began to be considered as a distinct force among the Con- servatives. In 1805 his elder brother died and he became heir to the marquisate and assumed the courtesy title of Viscount Cranborne. In the Derby Ministry of 18GG Lord Cranborne was taken into the Cabinet as Secretary of State for India. He had made a thorough study of the problems which this office presented, but after holding the office for less than a year resigned because of his opposition to the Reform Bill brought in by his colleagues. In 1868 his father died and he was transferred to the House of Lords as ilarquis of Salisbury. In 1869 he became chancellor of the University of O.xford. This was a distinct recognition of his attitude toward Church questions, for from his entrance into pulilic life he had l)een a vigorous defender of the Church of England. From 1868 to 1874, the period of Gladstone's first Jlinistry, Salisbury was not a very conspicuous figure in politics, but when the Conservatives, under Disraeli, returned to power in 1874, Salisbury again entered the Cabinet as Secretary of State for India. He was almost the only ilinister who heartily suppoi'ted the new Premier's imperialist policy. Because of his agreement with his chief on this point and his knowledge of Eastern alTairs. he was chosen in 1876 as the British representative to the Con- ference of Constantinople, which was called with a view of forcing reforms upon the Porte. Two years later Lord Derby withdrew from the Caliinet and Salisbury took his place as Sec- retary of State for Foreign Affairs. In this capacity he accompanied Lord Beaconsfield as plenipotentiary to the Congress of Berlin, but gained little glory from the mission, as he f=eenied to have been entirely subservient to the Premier and his jingo policy. Upon the death of Lord Beaconsfield in 1881 Lord Salis- Iniry was chosen leader of the Conservative Parly, and after the resignation of the Gladstone !Min- istry in June, 1S85, became head of the Gov- ernment, taking for himself the Department of Foreign Affairs. The Conservatives went out of office in .Tamiary, 1886, only to come back in July, after the adoption of Home R>ile by Glad- stone had disrupted the Liberal Party, and sent a Inr^p faction iinder Lord Hartington and Joseph Chamberlain into the Conservative ranks. In 1887 Lord Salisbury once more assumed as Premier charge of foreign affairs. He went out of othee in 1S02 and again returned to power in 1805. in lOOi) he was succeeded in I he Foreign Ofiicc ly Lord Lansdowne, remaining, however, at the head of tlic Cabinet as Lord Privy Seal. On July 11, 1!)02, Lord Salisbury resigned his olliec and was succeeded by his nephew, Arthur Bal- four, During his long tenure of ollice Lord Salisbury attained a leading position among Euro]iean diplomats, liis policy being character- ized in general liy a spirit of moderation which brought him much criticism from those Eng- lishmen who viewed with jealous eyes the de- vcUjpment of ambitious world policies by the Continental Powers. Events of international importance in which Lord Salisbury was concerned were the misunderstanding with the United States concerning Venezuela in 1803-90, the adjustment of the dillicull question of Crete (1807), as well as the delimitation of the British and German spheres of inlluence in Africa (1800). Toward the end of his tenure of ollice Lord Salisbury withdrew somewhat from the public eye, partly as the result of old age, but partly because the militant spirit of the new imperialistic Conversatism foimd a more aggres- sive leader in the person of Joseph Cliam- berlain, who from the outbreak of the South African War was by all odds the most predomi- nating figure in the Cabinet. Lord Salisbury died August 22, 1903. Among English statesmen he ranks high, not for any one great quality or particular achievement, but because of the success that during nearly fifteen years of Im- perial rule attended his policy of Conservative caution. In tastes and sentiments an aristocrat, he did not shrink from expressing his disap- proval of democracy, in his characteristically cynical but witty fasliion. For his l)iogra]>hy, consult: Pulini:' (Lonilon, 1885) ; Traill ( ib., 1891) : Aitkin (ib., 1901) ; and How (ib., 1902). SALISBURY, RoLLiN D. (1859—). An American geologist and educator, born at Spring Prairie, Wis., and eilucatcd at Beloit College, where he graduated in 1881. He served for two years as an instructor in the academy attached to Beloit, and from 1884 to 1891 was professor of geology in the college, except during a i)eriod of two years (1887-88) spent in foreign study. After a year's service on the faculty of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin he was called to the chair of geographic geology at the University of Chi- cago, where in 1898 he w'as a])pointed dean of the Ogden .School of Science. In 1883 he became connected with the United States Geological .Sur- vey, and in 1891 joined the New Jersey Geologi- cal Survey with especial charge of the surface geology of that State. Besides the annual re- ports of the Xew Jersey Geological Survey from 1882 to 1800 he wrote: Physical Geo(jrnj>h>j of Keic Jrrscii (1800) ; Geographii of Chicaqo and Its Environs (with W. A. AJden. 1899); The Geofiraphii of the Heqion Around Drrit's Lake and the Dalles of Wisconsin (with W. W. At- wood, 1900) : and The Driftless Area of South- western TMsconsin. with T. C. Chamberland (.Sta;- trenth Annual Report of the United States Geoloriirnl Surrey). SA'LISH. A North American tribe. See Flathead. SALISHAN STOCK. .An important linguis- tic group whose tribes, with many dialectic va- riations, held nearly all the southern half of