Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/703

SCHEUBER-KESTNER. 63j SCHILLER. in Paris. Becoming intoioslcd in the cITuils to improve tlie condition of the worUing- nian, lie fmnulfd for that purpose, in ISOii, a co- operative society. He was elected a representa- tive from the L'ppcr Uhine in the National As- sembly in 1S71. and in 1S75 he was elected to the Senate. In IST'.i he succeeded (iamlietla as di- rector of the journal La Ucpubliijuc I'raiiiaisc. During the Dreyfus excitement he was conspicu- ous among those who lielicvcd ill the ])risoner's innocence, and he testified at Zohvs trial. In ad- dition to several scientific monographs, he pub- lished Principes clementaires dc la thforie cliimiquc dcs ti/jjes appliques uux coiiihinuisuns organiques ( 1862 ) . SCHEVENINGEW, sK.-i'vcn-in'Gen. A noted bathing resort in South Holland, the Nether- lands, on the coast, about two miles northwest of The Hague, with which it is incorporated and connected by a fine shaded alhie, a canal, and an electric road (Slap: Netherlands, 2). It has a line Kurhaus and is visited annually by over 20,000 guests. Here, in Ifi53, the English gained a great naval victory over the Dutch under JI. Tromp. who was killed, and here De Ruytcr, in 1G73, defeated the combined fleets of Kngland and France. Population, in 1900, about 20,000. SCHIAPARELLI, sk6'a-pa-rel'le, Giovanni (1835 — ). An Italian astronomer, born at Savigliano, in Piedmont. He studied in Turin, in Berlin under Encke, and at Pulkova under W. Struve. In 1859 he returned to Italy and became second astronomer at the Jlilan observa- tory, and ill 1802 its director, continuing in that position until 1900. In 181)1 he discovered the planetoid Hesperia. In 1877 he discovered certain markings on the surface of Mars, the so-called 'canals.' (See Mars.) He has also announced that he has been able to observe mark- ings on the surface of Mercury and to fix the period of its axial rotation as the same as that of its sidereal rotation. Tliis, however, has not yet been sufficiently confirmed by other astrono- mers. (See Mercury.) Of his numerous impor- tant writings may be mentioned Tlie Relation Be- tween Comets and Falling Stars (I87I) ; The Precursors of Copernieus in Antiquity (1873); Ohscriations on the Movement of Potation and the Topography of the Planet Mars (1878-86). SCHIAVONE, ske'a-vf/nS, Andrea (c.1522- 82). The appellation of Andrea Meldolla (Me- dolla, or Medula), an Italian etcher and en- graver. He was born at Sebenico (Dalmatia), and went early to Venice and worked as a house decorator. He thus came under the notice of Titian, whose studio he entered and by whom he was strongly infiueneed. Giorgione and Tintoretto also left their mark upon his style. Indifferent in design, he succeeded to a marked degree in acquiring the Venetian color. He was one of the first painters of landscape for its own sake. Among his paintings are a "Pieta" and a "Madonna with Two Saints" (Dresden) ; "The Adoration of the Shepherds" (UfTizi): "Jupiter and To" (Saint Petersburg) ; ceiling and wall paintings in the Librcria and San Pocco. Venice, and elsewhere. His etchings and engravings are inferior. SCHIEDAM. SKe'diim'. A river port of South Holland, the Netherlands, at the confluence of the Schie with the Meuse, three miles west of Vol. XV II.— 41. Kotlerdnm (Map: Netherlands, C 3). The town is noted for its numerous distilleries of Holland gin, which is exported together with grain. Pop- ulation. 1000, 27,120. SCHIEFNER, slief'ner, Eka.nz Anton (1817- 70). A Russian Orientalist, born in Revnl ( Esthonia ) , and educated at Saint Petersburg and lierlin. He was elected a member of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 18.52 and was chosen librarian of that body in 1863. Among his studies on the languages of Central Asia, the most important were on Tibetan literature, especially as a source for North Indian liiiddhism. In 1808 he edited, and in I860 translated into German, an eilition of Tara- natha's history of Buddhism. He also devoted himself to the Ural-Altaic and Sibiric binguages, translated the Kalevala (1852), and wrote on the Tush (18.50), Udic (1863). Tchetchents (1804), and Ka^ikiiniulch (1866) dialects. SCHIEVELBEIN,she'f, 1-bin. Hermann ( 1817- 67). A German sculptor, born in Berlin, where he became the pupil of Wichman. After an appren- ticeship of three years he went to Saint Peters- burg, and executed much di^corative wo"rk, besides some statuary, for the Winter Palace and Saint Isaac's Cathedral. In IS41 he won the great prize of the Academy of Berlin, and after a short so- journ in Home, returned to execute the group of "Pallas Athene Instructing the Youth in the U.se of Weapons," for the palace bridge. Numerous jdastic works for the royal palaces and various public buildings bear witness to his activity in Berlin, but his masterpiece was the grand frieze, more than two hundred feet in length, depict- ing in a series of impressive scenes the "Destruc- tion of Pompeii and Herculaneum," in the Greek court of the New Museum. The jilaster model of this extensive and harmonious composition is in the National Gallery. DJstinguishe<l for rich- ness of imagination, noble conception, and intense poetic feeling, Schievelbein faithfully adhered to the traditions of the school founded by Schadow and Ranch. SCHILLER, shil'Ier, Johann Chri.stopu Frieukicii von (1759-1805). A famous German poet and dramatist, born at Jfarbach, Wiirtteni- berg. November 10, 1759. Schiller's father was a military surgeon and captain; his mother an innkce|)er's daughter with a taste for music. As a child he showed imagination, and desired to become a clergyman, but the autocratic Duke Karl of Wiirttemberg "gently kidnapped" him for his military academy, aptly named "Solitude" (1773), against his will and his parents' de- sire. Here, under stern yet whimsical discipline, Scliiller pined and read with omnivorous himger, especially Shakespeare, Lessing. Klopstock, Goethe's Werther. and the sens;itional "Storm and Stress" ((j.v.) dram:is of Klinger and I-eisc- witz. Clandestinely he began to write, and when, in 1775, the school was moved to Stuttgart, he took up the study of medicine, but he continued his poetic essays, and in 1777 set to work on Die Riiuher, the first of his published plays, in- tended as an emphatic protest against the cxi.st- iiig political conditions of which he had himself been a victim. On graduating from the ducal school (Decem- ber 1-1, 1780). Schiller was forced to take service as regimental surgeon, galled :ilikc by his func- tions and his dress. His rebellious mood was