Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/709

SCHISM. 639 SCHLAGINTWEIT. number of these caiilinals withdrew, revoked the election, which tlioy liecUired not to have lieen free, owing to the violence of the factions in Kome by which the conclave had, according to them, been overawed ; and, in consequence, they proceeded to choose another jiope under the name of Clement Vll. The latter lixed his seat at Avi- gnon, while Urban VI. lived at Rome. Each party had its adherents, and in each a rival suc- cession was maintained down to the Council of Pisa in U09, in which assembly both popes, the Kiiman Pope Gregory XII. and the Avignon Pope Uenedict XIII. (Pedro de Luna), were deposed, and a third. Alexander V., was elected. He died a few months later, and was succeeded by John XXIII. A new council was convoked at Con- stance in 1414, bv which not alone the former rivals, but even the new pontitV elected, by con- sent of the two parties, at Pisa, were set aside, and Otto Colonna was elected under the name of JIartin V. In this election (1417) the whole bodv ma.v be said to have acquiesced ; but one of the claimants, Benedict XIII., remained ob- stinate in the assertion of his right till his death in 1424, The schism, however, ma.v be said to have terminated in 1417, having thus endured ncarl.v forty years. Consult, especially, Gayet, Le grand schisme d'occident, d'aprcs les docu- ments coiitemporains (Paris, 1899 et seq.), and the authorities referred to under Papacy. SCHIST, See Crystalline Schist, SCHISTOSITY, or Foliatiox. A structure cxliibited bv many metamorphosed rocks, which is characterized b.y a parallel arrangement of the minerals and a tendency to split or cleave into plates. It is produced bv a recrvstallization of the constituents of a rock under the influence of metamorphic processes, such as heat and great pressure. Among the crystalline schists this stricture is ver.v prominent, such t.vpes as chlorite schist, talc' schist, and actinolite schist cleaving almost as readily as slate. SCHIZOGAMY, sld-zog'n-mi (from Gk. o-X^ff'", sclthein, to split + yd/j.o!, gamos. mar- riage ) , That method of reproduction in which a sexual worm is produced ( 1 ) by fission or self- division, when it is said to be 'fissiparous,' or (5) b.v budding or gemmation, from a sexless worm, such as occurs in S.vllis, etc.. when it is said to be 'gemmiparous.' Thus schizogamy is a form of parthenogenesis (q.v. ). SCHIZOGONY, ski-zog'o-nl (from Gk. ffx^f"", scliizrin. to split -{■ - yovia, -gonia, generation, from 761/01, goitos, seed). A kind of asexual generation, or self-tission. observed in manv ophiuroids (q.v.) or brittle-stars, especiall.v in the .voiuig, and also in starfishes, as species of Asterias. etc. In such cases the animal volun- taril.v divides throu.ch the disk in the shortest direction, i.e. from the mouth (oral) side to the upper (aboral) side, each separate half regenerat- ing the missing parts as well as the additional arms. The division is brought abotit in most cases, and perhaps all, says ^Morgan, bv the con- traction of the muscles, and their arrangement in connection with the form of the body is the real cause of the ,nct. Compare Eegexeratiox. SCHIZOMYCETES, skiz'6-mi-se'tez fXeo- T.nt. nom. id., from Gk. trx'fei. ■'"'hirein. to split -]- livKTis. mgkes, mushroom). Bactert.v. Fissiox Fungi. One of the six great groups of fungi, closely related to the blue-green alga; {Cyano- phycca; q.v.). They are minute one-celled plants, the smallest known organisms, The.v re- produce by fission (q,v,), and also pass into a resting condition (the so-called spore), in which, bv secreting a protective wall, sonic can with- stand a temperature above the boiling point of water. Some bacteria develop slime by the .swell- 1^ '^<^L VARIOUS FORMS OP BACTERIA. ing of the outer portions of the cell wall, so that the cells lie in a mass of mucilage. Many are free-swimming ciliated organisms, darting and twisting rapidlv through the water. Al- though most species are unicellular, several of the higher groups are filamentous, in this re- sembling the higher blue-green alga'. Man.v are held to be responsible for wrtain diseas«'s of man, animals, and plants, among which are diphtheria, bubonic plague, and pear blight: others (zymogenic bacteria) to produce chemi- cal changes associated with decomposition and some forms of fermentation (qq.v. ) : others (chromogenic and photogenic) produce conspicu- ous pigments or omit light. SCHIZOP'ODA. See Crustacea; Opossum- Shrimp. SCHLAGINTWEIT, shla'gint-vlt. The name of three explorers, sons of the Bavarian oculist Joseph Schlagintweit (1792-1854). Hermann VON SciILAtilNTWEIT (1826-82), Adolf (1829- 57). and Robert (IS.S.S-So) , traveled widely in Europe and Asia, and in 1859 were raised to the nobility by the King of Bavaria, They first attracted attention by their writings on the geographv of the Alps, entitled Vntersuchungen iiber die physikalische (leographie der Alpen (1850) and Seue Vntersuchungen (1854), which included an atlas and a dissertation on the phys- ical geography of the Kaisergebirge, In 1851 Hermann became privat-docent in meteorology and physics at the t'niversit.v of Berlin, and two years later Adolf began to lecture on geology at iVIunich. In the spring of the latter .vear the three brothers received commissions from the King of Prussia and from the British East India Company to studv the nietcorologv and geology of the Himalaya jlountains. They reached Bom- bay in October. 1854, and proceeded thence by different routes over the Deccan to Madras. During the next spring and summer Adolf and Robert explored the Xorthwest Provinces, trav- ersed the passes of the main chain of the Hima- lavas. and. after passing the Ibi Gamin (which they ascended to the height of 6788 meters, the