Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/719

SCHMIDT. 649 SCHMIDT. server at Bonn (1840), observer at Oliiiiitz ( 1853), and director of the observatory at Athens (18.58), where he remained till his deatli. lie studied tlic physieal nature of eonicts and of the moon, the brightness and periodicity of stars, and physical geouraph}', especially that of Greece. Besides his contributions to the AslrotiomiKche yaclirichtcH and to the Piihlications dc I'ob^rca- toire d'Allu'itrs, he published a revision of Lohr- niann's chart of the moon (1877) and a very valuable independent chart (1878), and wrote Oct Mviid (1856), Viilkaiisliidicn (1874), and Sludicu iibcr Erdbeben (1875). SCHMIDT, Julian (1818-80). An eminent German historian of literature, born at Marien- werdcr. West Prussia. He studied jiistory and philology at Kunigsberg, taught in Berlin from 1842 to 1840, and went to Leipzig in 1847 as contributor to the Grenxhoirn, which he owned and edited, conjointly with Gustav Freytag, from 1848 to 1801. Returning to Berlin, he conducted for two years the Berliner AUficiiicInc /.cituni], then confined himself to the field of liteiary his- tory. His first work of importance was the flcschichte der Itomantik im Zcitnltcr dcr Revo- lution und Res I a lira t ion (1847). His numerous critical articles for the (Jrenzhoten formed the basis for his Geschichte der deutschen Xational- lUleratur im 19. Jahrhundert (1853); 5th ed., revised and enlarged, under the title Oeschichte der deutschen Litleratur seit Lcssinfis Tod (1805- 67). Into this was subsequently incorporated his Oeschichte des geistiijcn Leheiis in Deutseh- land ron Leibniz bis auf Lessinf/s Tod (1800-04), and both works appeared combined as Geschichte der deutschen Litleratur ron Leibniz bis auf iinsere Zeit (1880-90). Noteworthy are also Geschichte der franzSsischen Litteratur seit der Revolution nS!) (2d ed. 1873-74) ; Vebersicht der englischen Litteratur im 19. Jahrhundert (1859); Schiller und seine Zeitgenossen (1859); and the collections of ingenious essa.vs lUlder aus dem geistigen Leben unsever Zeit (1870-74), and Protriits aus dem 19. ./ahrhnndert (1878). .Julian Schmidt exercised more infhience upon the period of German intellectual life in which he worked than has been accorded him. As a critic in journals and periodicals, his discussions comprised the entire scope of intellectual life in science, arts, and politics. The forte of his criti- cism, especially in regard to works of art, lay in an almost infallible instinct to perceive truth, power, and sterling worth, which quality enabled him to teach his contemporaries not to borrow their views of things from remote chains of thought, but to trust the spontaneity of their own feelings. SCHMIDT, IvARL (1812-95). An Alsatian Luthcrian theologian. He was born and edu- cated and died in Strassburg, and was pro- fessor of theology in the iiniversity from 1837 to 1877. He wrote, in French and German, numerous excellent works, of which may be mentioned his biographical studies of G<^rson, Tauler, Roussel, Vermigli. Farel, Viret, jMelanch- tlion. and Nicolas of Basel, and of the German and other medLTval mystics. His Essai historifjue sur la soeicte civile dans le mondc romain et siir ,«o transformation par le ehristianisme (1853) was translated into English under the title. The Social Result of Early Christianity (London, 1885). SCHMIDT, M.x (1818 1901). A German lands<;ipe painter, born in Berlin, where he stud- ied in the Art Academy unck'r Begas and Schir- nier. He was largely inlhuneed in hi^ elioiee of subjects and in his treatment by his faniilinrity with Kgj'pt and Greece, and pai<I little heed to German scenes until 1854, but then treated them with rare poetic feeling. In 1868 he became in- .structor at the School of Arts in Weinnir. and in 1872 went to the Kiinigsl)erg Academy. His chief works are the Oriental frescoes in the Berlin Mu- seum, '"Wood and Mountain" (18(i.S| and ".V View on the Spree" (1877), both in the Berlin National Gallery. He wrote Die Aquarellinalerei (7th ed. 1901). SCHMIDT, Maxtmh.ian (1832—). A Ger- man novelist and humorist, born at Kschlkam,. Bavaria. He served with distinction in the Ba- varian army from 1850 to 1872, when he retired and settled at Munich to devote himself exclu- sively to his literary work. Among the best of his numerous tales and novels, dealing vividly and realistically with the people and scenery of the Bavarian ilountains, should be mcntinncd: ^'olkser:^ihlungcn■ aus dem Bayrischcn Wald (1863-09); Der Sehutzgeist von Obvramineryiiu (1880); 's Austragsstiibcrl; Der Qeorgithaler (1882); Die Fischerrosl von St. Heinrich (1884); Der Musikant von Tegernsee (1886); 's Lisel von .'immersee (1887) ; Die Kiinischen Freibauern (1895). Gradually these productions fell oil in literary merit, as the autlior became more and more prolific. Lasting success at- tended his Uumoresken (1892), the collection of dialect poems Altboarisch (1884), and several poi)ular plaj's, dramatized from his novels. He also published the autobiography Meine ^^'ander■ ung durch 70 Jahre (1902). His Oesammelte Werke appeared in popular edition of 34 vols. (Reutlingen, 1898-93). SCHMIDT, Natil-vniel (1862—). An Ameri- can Hebraist, born at Hudiksvall, Sweden, and educated at Stockholm University, at Colgate University, and at the University of Berlin. He was professor of Semitic languages and litera- ture in Colgate LTniversity from 1888 to 1896, and then became professor of the same branches at Cornell. He contributed to the Eneijclopwdia Biblica, to the Jewish Eneyelopaidia. and to the 'New International Encyclopwdia, and wrote: Biblical C'ritieisrn and Theological Belief (1897) : The Republic of .Man (1899) ; Ecclesias- tieus (1903) ; The Son of .Man and the Son of God in Modern Theology (1903). SCHMIDT, O.SKAR (1823-86). A German zoiilogist, born at Torgau. After studying at Halle and Berlin, he liegan to lecture on zoiilogy at .Jena in 1840. became professor there in 1849. and successively at Oacow" ( 1855). Graz ( 1857), and Strassburg (1872). His reputation is based upon the handbook of comparative anatomy, the 9th ed. of which, by Lang, was issued under the title Lehrbuch der vergleichenden .inatomie dcr wirbcllosen Ticre (1888-94). He also wrote a Lehrbuch der Zoologie (1853), and for advanced classes Leitfaden dcr Zoologie (4th ed. 1882). From 1800 he devoted himself more cs])ccially to the investigation of SpongiiP, and published on this subject several treatises. His other writ- ings include: Goethes }'crhultnis zii den organi- schen Xaturuissenschaflen (1853). Das Alter der Mensehheit und das Parodies, with Franz Unger