Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/887

SERVAL. each fore leg. It is foviiid throughout Africa, but its habits are little known. SERVANT. See JiA.vrEB and Servant. SERVE'TtJS, iliCHAKL, or, in his native Spanish, MtGi'EL Servkto (Seuvede) y Keves ((•.1511-o3). A c'clebraleil antilrinitarian theo- lo;;ian and physioian, burn at Tudela in Navarre. He began his stu<lies at Saragossa and entered th<' servieos (if (Juintana, later confessor of diaries V., with whom he went to Toulouse in I.5:i8, and there began the study of law. In a short time, however^ he gave himself entirely to the knotty points of the Reformation doctrines. In 1.530 he went to Basel to hear (Kcolampadius, and thence to Strassburg, where Bucer and Ca- pito taught. His daring denial of the doctrine of the Trinity frightened or angered these divines to such a degree that they denounced him as 'a wicked and cursed Spaniard.' Scrvetus a]i]iealed from their judgment to that of the pulilic in his Dr Triiiitaiis IJrronbiis Lihvi VII. (1531) and his D'Hiloyorum de Trinitate Lihri II. (1532) ; but the public thought as little of his teaching as the theologians; and to avoid the odium which it had occasioned he changed his name to Michel de Villeneuve and fled to Paris, where he began the study of medicine. In 1534 he went to Ly- ons, where he brought out an edition of Ptolemy's geography (1535; "2d ed. 1541) ; in 153G lie re- turned to Paris, resumed his medical studies, and received his degree in 153S. In 1537 he attacked Galen and the faculty in a medical work entitled Siiruporum Vniversa Ratio. As a physician Servetus possessed no small ability and practiced with success; he is believed by some to have dis- covered the circulation of the blood. In 1538 he went to Charlieu, and in 1541 found an asy- lum in the palace of Pierre Paulmier. Archbish- op of Vienne, supporting himself by his medical skill and literary work. In Vienne he published in 1542 a new and elegant edition of the Latin Bible of Pagninus with notes, which were not all original. At Vienne he also wrote his famous Christ ianixmi Restitutio (first published, anon- ymously, in 1533). Its celebrity is due more to the fact that it sealed the fate of the author than to its intrinsic merits, the ideas being ob- scure and the style incorrect. Possibly at the instigation of Calvin, Servetus was arrested and brought to trial at Vienne. On .Tune 17, 1553. he was condemned to be burned, but before this he had made his escape and was endeavoring to reach Italy. On the way he was discovered in Geneva and was imprisoned by Calvin's order. After a trial lasting two months he was con- demned as a heretic and was burned at the stake on October 27, 1553. (For further details, see article Calvin.) On October 27, 1903, an 'ex- piatory' monument to his memory was unveiled in Geneva. Consult: ToUin, Dr7.5 Lchrsi/stcm Michael Servetus (Giitersloh. 1876-78) ; Willis, Servetus and Calvin (London. 1877). The A'cs^i- tutio has been twice reprinted, first by Dr. Meade (incomplete, as it was suppressed by order of the Bishop of London and burned, 1723). and again by Murr (Nuremberg, 1790) ; it has been translated into German by Spiess under the title Die Wiederherstellung des Christenthtims (Wies- baden. 1802-96). SER'VIA ( Serv. Srhija ) . A kingdom in the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula, bounded by the Kingdom of Hungary on 807 SERVIA. the north, Kuniania and Bulgaria on the cast, Turkey (the 'ilayet of Kossovo and the Sunjak of Xovibazar) on the scnitli. and Bosnia on the west. The Danube and its triliulary, the Save, bound the country on the nortli ; the Danube sep- arates it from Uuniania; and the Drina. an allluent of the Save, forms most of the »e>lern boumlary. The Tiinok, an nlllueiit of the Dan- idle. Hows about 25 miles on the eastern border. .rea, 18,621 s(|uarc miles. Servia is mountainous. The Morava valley, with its numerous triluitary valleys from wot and east, stretches tlinnigh the land from the sduthcast to tile middle »»f the northern border, luiiting with that of the Danulii'. The nortli cen- tral section in the Danube valley and the nurtli- west section in the Save valley contain the only extensive lowland regions, which are character- ized by Quaternary alluvi n. Near the centre of the kingdom the southern and the western forks of tile Morava come together, the one en- tering from Kossovo, the other rising in the Bos- nian watershed. The mountains of Western Ser- via belong to the Dinaric system and present Mcsozoiu and Paleozoic strata and serpentine uplifts. On the boundary of Novibazar stands the mountain wall of Golija-Planiiia (ti4l)0 feet ) , where the western Morava rises. Adja- cent in the southeast, across the narrow moun- tain valley of the Ihar, is the lofty Kopaonik- Planina (7100 feet) — the highest region in Ser- via. (Jcuerally in this southwestern |iart of the kingdom crystalline schists arc promiiieiit. Be- tween the wcslcin Jlorava and the valley •^outh of Belgrade is the mountain region of Siimadija, the heart of Servia. culniinaliiig in the Hudnik, nearly 4000 feet. This is a heavily forested ter- ritory, oaks and beeches predominating. The mountains cast of the Morava belong to the Southern Carjiathians and to the Balkans. The former of these systems in Servia is a continua- tion of the Banat region, and the Danube pierce.s here through the imposing gorge known as the Iron (iate. The formations here are of creta- ceous limestone and of various schists inter- rupted liy volcanic stone and ore strata ami hot springs are frequent. The highest eleva- tion in Eastern Servia is not far from the south- east border — the Suva-Planina. 6600 feet. Servia is a well-watered country, belonging en- tirely to the basin of the Danube. The wide, fertile valley of the Morava represents the larg- est cultivated territory. The climate is moder- ate in the Danube Valley and somewhat cold in the mountains. It is healthful save in the low- lands adjacent to the Danube. The rainfall is ample, 25 inches being tht annual average. The vegetation, like the climate, is more akin to that of mid-Europe than to that of the Mediterranean basin. The fauna includes the bear, lynx, and wild boar. The forests cover about one-third of the area, but are being rapidly cut down. The mineral resources are varied and of value, but llicre is little mining, owing to the lack of capital and facilities. Coal alone is mined to any im- portant extent, and that in the northeast. The population is almost entirely agricultural. About 70 per cent, of the total area is productive. There are about 4..500.000 acres under cultivation, nearly all tilled by the owners. There are few large farms. Modern processes in fiirniing arc slow of introduction. Cereals, with corn at the head, are the chief crops. Corn is the staple food