Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/244

SIOUAN STOCK. 200 SIOUX. Sioux have clear traditions of former residence upon tlie Oliio, followed by a westward move- ment down that stream and then down the Mis- sissippi or up the Jlissouri to their later habita- tions. The Ohio itself was known among the neighboring Algonquian tribes as the river of the Quapaw, although when first known to his- tory the l^Hiapaw were already established upon the Arkansas. The tribal names Quapaw and Omaha, in their original form, denote respectively the people who went down or up stream from the separation point near the entrance of the Missouri. The Winnebago and Sioux apparently moved northwest across Illinois, the former fix- ing themselves about the lake of their name in southein Wisconsin, while the Sioux continued on toward the head of the Mississippi until com- pelled to turn westward by the pressure of the Ojibwa advancing from the direction of Mack- inac. The expulsion of the Sioux from northern Wisconsin and the head of the Mississippi by the Ojibwa and their consequent emergence upon the plains and occupation of the Upper Missouri and the Black Hills are all within the historic period. Several tribes continvied in their ancient seats, where they were known to the early col- onists under the names of ilonacan, Manaahoac, Saponi, Tutelo, Occaneechi, Catawba, Biloxi, and so on. All of these, excepting a mere handful of Catawba and three or four families of Biloxi, have become extinct within the historic period, chiefly from the relentless hostility of the Iro- quois supplemented by dissipation and disease due to contact with civilization. The Siouan tribes in 1903 numbered a little more than 40,000, including about 1850 Sioux and Assiniboin in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Of the entire number more than 24,000 belong to the Sioux nation. SIOUX, soo, or Dakota. One of the most iiriportant Indian tribes north of Mexico, being the largest in the United States with the pos- sible exception of the Ojibwa. Their popular name is supposed to be an abbreviation from Nadowesiwuff ( corrupted by the French to ?fad<i- oiiesiotix) , iittle snakes,' i.e. "enemies,' their ancient name among the Ojibwa, as distinguished from the ?fa(lowe or Iroquois, the 'snakes' proper. They are now more usually called Buanaff, 'enemies,' by the Ojibwa. whence Asini-biianaff, 'Stone Sioux' of Assiniboin. The Sioux call them- selves Lakota, Nalcota, or Dakota, according to the respective dialect, the word meaning 'allies.' According to concurrent linguistic, traditional, and historical evidence the Sioux, with all the cognate tribes of the Siouan stock (q.v. ), origi- nally lived east of the Alleghanies. When first known to the French in 1(132 they had their prin- cipal seats in northwestern Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota, aboiit the west end of Lake Superior and the heads of the Mississippi. The .ssiniboin were already a distinct tribe farther to the north- west, by secession from the Yankton division. From this position the Sioux were driven by the Ojibwa advancing from the east, the latter being aided by the French, and gradually moved out into the plains, crossing the Missouri and taking possession of the Black Hills and the Platte region after driving out the previous occupants, the Crows. Cheyenne, and Kiowa. In this migra- tion they lost the airrieultural habit, with the exception of the Santee bands remaining behind in Minnesota, and became an equestrian nation of bullalo hunters. In 181.5 the eastern bands made their first treaties of friendship with the (jlovern- nient after having sided with the English in the War of 1812. By the general treaty made at Prairie du Chien in 1825 an end was made to the hereditary war between the Sioux and the Ojibwa by the adjustment of tribal boundaries, and the Sioux were confirmed in jiossession of an immen.se territory stretching from the east bank of the Mississippi almost to the Rocky Moun- tains and from about Devil's Lake southward to about the present Sioux City, including nearly half of Minnesota, two-thirds of the Dakotas, and large portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, and Wyoming. The headwaters of the Mississippi were left to the Ojibwa by right of former con- quest and existing occupancy. In 1835 missions were established among the eastern (Santee) bands by the American Board, which started schools and printed books in the language. In 1837 the Sioux sold all their claims east of the ilississippi. In 1851 they sold the greater part of Minnesota, but dissatisfaction at the delay of the Government in fulfilling the terms of the treaty led to a massacre of settlers at Spirit Lake on the Minnesota-Iowa border in 1857, fol- lowed a few years later by a second rising inau- gurated by the terrible 'Minnesota Massacre' in 18C2, in which nearly 1000 settlers lost their lives. The outbreak as jjut down by Ceneral Sibley, who crushed the Indians and hung 3fl of the leaders from the same scaffold. The result was the expulsion of the Sioux from Minnesota. From this time until 1868 the western bands, together with the Cheyenne. Kiowa, and other plains tribes and under the leadership of Red Cloud and other noted chiefs, were almost con- stantly at war with the whites. A principal event of this w^as the massacre of Fetterman's entire command of about 100 men near Fort Kearney, Neb., in 1800. In 1868 a treaty of peace was made which remained imbroken until the invasion of the Black Hills by the miners, consequent upon the discovery of gold, led to another war in 1876-77, the principal event of which was the massacre of General Custer's entire command of nearly 300 regular troops, June 25, 1876. (See Cu.ster. George Arm- strong.) Sitting Bull (q.v.), the leader of the irreconcilables, escaped to Canada with several thousand followers, but returned in 1881 on promise of amnesty. After being held two years as a prisoner of war. Sitting Bull again took up his residence at Standing Rock Agency, where he remained until his death. In 1889 another treaty was made by which the 'Great Sioux Res- ervation,' embracing all of South Dakota west of the Missouri, was reduced by about one-half and the remainder cut up into five distinct smaller reservations. The opposition of a powerful mi- nority to this sale, coupled with dissatisfaction at treaty grievances and the excitement aroused by the reported advent of an Indian messiah in the West, led to another outbreak in the winter of 1890-91. Leading events were the killing of Sitting Bull, December 15. 1890, and the Wounded Knee ^Massacre. December 29. 1890, by which about 300 Indians lost their lives. The outbreak was soon afterwards successfully brought to a close by General Miles. The Sioux have seven principal divisions, viz.