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SLATER. 227 SLAUGHTER HOUSES. in 181516 erected woolen mills. Consult White, Memoir of Sdmuel Ulater (Philadelphia, 1836). SLATER FUND. An endowment established by John F. Slater (q.v.) in 1882 for the encour- agement of industrial education among the negroes in the South. In May, 1882, Mr. Slater transferred $1,000,000 to a board of trustees, incorporated by the State of Xew York, of which President R. B. Hayes was the original chair- man. By good management this fund in 1903 had grown to the amount of .$1,500,000, and the annual income — not far from $60,000 — is at the disposal of the trustees for the uplifting of the blacks in the Southern States. Bishop Haygood, of Georgia, and Dr. J. L. M. Curry, of Richmond, Va., have been the general agents of this fund. The trustees have given their influence to the promotion of normal and industrial training, and have made large appropriations to the Hampton and Tuskegee institutes, and lesser amounts to several kindred and well-managed institutions. SLATIN PASHA, slii'ten pa-shii', Rudolf Karl (18.57—). An Egj'ptian soldier, born near Vienna, Austria. He served for a time in the Austrian army, in 1878 entered the Egyptian service under General Gordon, and in 1881 be- came Governor-General of Darfnr. Xot long after his appointment to this post the Mahdi began his famous religious war, and in 1883, after the defeat of Hicks Pasha, Slatin gave himself up as a prisoner. He became the servant of Abdullahi, who afterwards succeeded to power on the death of the Mahdi. After a captivity of eleven years Slatin succeeded in 1895 in escaping to Lower Eg^pt. Upon reaching Cairo he was made a pasha by the Khedive. Afterwards he took part in the .campaigns that resulted in the com- plete overthrow of Abdullahi. In 1900 he was appointed inspector-general of the Sudan. He published an account of his experiences in cap- tivity under the title of Feuer und Schwert im Sudan (1896). A translation. Fire and f<icord in the Sudan, was brought out in New York in the same year. SLAUGHTER-HOUSE CASES. The term popularly applied to a group of notable cases decided by the United States Supreme Court at the December term of 1872, and reported in the sixteenth volume of Wallace's Reports. The cases arose out of an attempt of the Legislature of Louisiana to place far-reaching restrictions upon the butchery industry in the interest of the public health in the city of New Orleans. The restrictions practically amounted to a de- nial of the right of the general public to engage in the business, and suits were brought to over- throw the statute on the ground that it was an infringement upon the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the Ignited States. The cases were carried to the Supreme Court, where it was held by a majority of 5 to 4 that it was not the purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment to deprive the States of their police power; that this remained with them unimpaired: that there is a citizenship of the United States and a citi- zenship of a State, which are distinct from each other, and that the privileges and immunities belonging to the latter must rest for their se- curity and protection where they had theretofore rested, namely, upon the States. The doctrine here laid down constitutes an important feature of our Federal jurisprudence, and its announce- ment by the Supreme Court was regarded as the beginning of a reactionary movement against the tendency upon the part of the Federal Govern- ment, which was quite marked during and after the Civil War, to usurp the powers of the States. SLAUGHTER HOUSES. The first attempt to regulate the conduct of establishments where animals are slaughtered for food proljably was made during the reign of Richard II., for in 1388 an act of Parliament forbade the casting of offal and other refuse of slaughtered animals into rivers and other waters. During the nineteenth century a national system of munici- pal slaughter houses was established in France and Germany and an agitation for a similar sys- tem of public ownership was under way in Great Britain and had been established in many towns. This great public improvement originated with Napoleon, who passed a decree in 1807 for the erection of public abattoirs. In Germany each town council has authority to erect and maintain public slaughter houses and to forbid the slaughtering of meat elsewhere. It may enact that fresh meat brought from outside this area for the use of I'estaurants and hotels shall not be prepared for food until it has been inspected. The importation of prepared meats may be, at the discretion of the town council, entirely prohibited. The council may also order that meat not slaughtered at the public slaughter houses shall be exposed for sale in a separate place by meat dealers. In many of the German cities, not only slaugh- ter houses, but also markets for the sale of meat, usually located in the suburbs, are maintained at public expense. England is far behind Germany in the regula- tion of the slaughter and sale of meat. Inspec- tion has not been made compulsory by Parlia- mentary enactment, nor has the maintenance of numicipal slaughter houses been authorized. Sev- eral towns, however, have secured such authority by special legislation. Abattoirs were opened in Edinburgh in 1851, and in ilanchester in 1872. Birmingham has a city market, which includes most of the appliances of the best German mar- kets, but is located in the centre of the city. Its cost, including an expensive site, was $600,000. Throughout Europe the construction of municipal abattoirs has been general, and they are now considered necessary in order that not only the slaughtering of animals, but also the inspection of meat, may be concentrated and regulated. In Berlin two municipal slauglitering establish- ments, erected at a cost of nearly $5,000,000, were opened in 1883 and took the place of nearly 1000 slaughter houses privately owned. In the United States, though there are no municipal abattoirs, the consolidation of a very large proportion of the business of slaughtering, dressing, packing, and shipping meat in a few- immense establishments has greatly lessened the number of private slaughter houses and cor- respondingly lessened the need for municipal slaughter houses. The market value which has arisen for what were formerly considered waste products has simplified the problem of dispos- ing of the offal. (See Packing Industry.) Such regulations as exist are due largely to municipal rather than State or national control, and therefore vary with the localities. Consult: Parke, on Municipal Authorities and Slaughter Houses, read before the Sanitary Institute at