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SEWAGE. 19 an exhaustive discussion of botli principles and methods; Waring, Modern Methods of Sewage Disposal (New York, 1894), a popular review of principles and methods; Kiersted, Heivage Disposal (New York, 1894), a brief discussion with particular reference to disposal by dilution; Baker, Sewerage and Sewage Puri/ication (New York, 1890), brief and popular; Rideal, Sewage and the Bacterial I'wrip'calioii of Sewage (New York, 1900), a pretty thorough and rather scientific discussion of the bacterial phases of sewage treatment, written by an Englishman and almost wholly from the English point of view; Dibdin, Purification of Sewage and Water (London, 1903), also relates chieily to the bac- terial aspects, almost wholly English, but less technical than Rideal ; Thudicuni, The Bacterial Treatment of Sewage (London, 1900), a brief, popular review of recent bacterial studies and results; Barwise, The Purification of Sewage (New York, 1899), another English author, fairly popular in style and more general in range than the three preceding; Crimp, Sewage Disposal Works (2d ed., London, 1894), the standard English engineering treatise, including principles, methods, and descriptions of works, but has noth- ing on the recent bacterial studies; Corfield, The Treatment and TJtilization of Sewage (3d ed., London and New Y'ork, 1887), somewhat simi- lar to but less comprehensive than Crimp ; Slater, Sewage Treatment, Purification, and Vtilization (London, 1888), brief, semi-popular, controversial, and not up-to-date, but valuable on account of a descriptive chronological list of 456 English patents on methods of treating sew- age, issued from 1846 to 1886, inclusive; Bai- ley-Denton, Seieage Purificatioti Brought Vp to Date, 1S96 (London and New York, 1S96). by one of the chief exponents of intermittent tiltra- tion, written after the earlier announcements of the more recent bacterial studies, and describing eight land-filtration systems; Tidy, The Treat- ment of Sewugc (New York, 1887), brief, com- prehensive, serai-technical; Burns, Vtilization of Town Sewage, Irrigation, and Reclamation of Waste Land, being vol. v. of Outlines of Mod- ern Farming (6th ed., London, 1889), a semi- popular discussion of sewage farming, from the agricultural point of view, a number of years back: United States Consular Reports (special, vol. xvii.), Disjjosal of Sewage and Garhage in Foreign Countries (Washington, 1899). mostly popular, and generally meagre in detail, biit con- taining someexcellentdescriptive matter. See Fil- ter Pees.ses; Filter . '1) Filtr.vtio.n. Irrig.- Tiox; Sewerage ->;i) Dhai.v.i;e: Water Supply. SEWAGE EARTH-CLOSET. See Sewage. SEWAGE FARMING. The utilization of sewage in the growtli of field, orchard, and gar- den crops. The most noted farms are at Paris. Berlin. Danzig, Breslau. and Birmingham, in Europe, and at Pullman. 111., Los Angeles, Cal., South Framingham, Mass., and Plainfield. N. J., in the United States. Sewage farming, which is largely a development of the last third of the nine- teenth century, is an attempt to combine crop- growing with sewage purification. Where intelli- gently managed a high degree of purification is attained without creating a nuisance in the neigh- borhood, and the excellent crops which are grown may be used without menace to health in spite of popular prejudice to the contrary. Aside from SEWALL. the irrigation value of the water, sewage is of some importance agriculturally on account of the fertilizing elements it contains. Analyses show tliat less than 2 parts in 1000 of average sewage is solid matter, and that a ton of sewage contains from 0.15 to 0.25 pound of nitrogen, from 0.045 to 0.065 pound of phosphoric acid, and from 0.025 to 0.040 pound of potash. These would have a casli value of 3iv, to 5 cents. Since, liowever. in actual operation much of the nitrogen is lost, the real value of sewage will not exceed 3 cents per ton and one to two cents per ton is more nearly its true manurial value. The recognized greater agricultural value of sewage over river water for irrigation is accountable for the 25 to 50 per cent, increase in rent per acre for land irrigated with sewage. Unless care be taken to prevent the sew- age from coming in direct contact with cro|)s in- tended for consumption in the raw state, the metliods of applying sewage do not differ from those of irrigation (q.v. ). Sewage farms are lo- cated preferably on open soils with a sandy or gravelly subsoil. Clay soils are less satisfactory. Since experience indicates that the best crops are secured when the sewage is applied only as needed, arrangements should be made for the dis- posal of surplus sewage that may accumulate when the crops cannot use it. This is usually done by making separate filtration areas or by growing crops capable of withstanding large quan- tities of water, such as Italian rye grass, orchard grass, perennial rye grass, and blue grass. With a controllable supply of water practically all crops suitable for the climate can be grown to perfection. In Southern California orchards are very successfully irrigated with sewage. From the standpoint of sewage disposal the primary object of sewage irrigation is to purify the sew- age so that it may not contaminate the under- ground water or streams. Experience on sew- age farms, both in Europe and America, shows that every essential requirement of sewage puri- fication is present in sewage farming, and that when sewage is rightfully used the water flowing from these farms is clear and sparkling. Consult: LTnited States Geological Survey Wa- ter Supply and Irrigation Papers Nos. 3 and 22 on Sewage Irrigation (1897, 1899); Rafter and Baker, Seicage Disposal in the United States (New York, 1894) ; Waring. Modern Methods of Sewage Disposal (ib., 1894); Kiersted, Sewage Disposal (ib., 1894) ; Birmingham Sewage In- qninj Report, 1871. SEWALL, su'al, Mat (Wright) (1844—). An American educator, lecturer, and author, born in Milwaukee, Wis. She graduated at North- western University in 1866, and in 1880 married Theodore L. Sewall. who died in 1895. She was for many years prominently identified with the woman's sufi"rage movement and with the educa- tion of women, was member and oflicer of many women's clubs and delegate to numerous women's congresses, both in the United States and abroad. She was one of the lady managers of the Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. and in 1900 she was appointed a commissioner to the Paris Exposition. For a long time she was principal of a girls' classical school in Indianapolis. Ind., founded by her husband. Slie wrote several works on woman suffrage and kindred topics, and edited The Historical Resume of the World's Congress of Representative Wotnen.