of the war and a new constitution adopted. On the refusal of the State to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, a military government was established. In 1868 another constitution allowing negro suffrage was adopted and the State was re-admitted June 25th. The next years were a carnival of official crime and corruption. Illiterate negroes and carpetbaggers filled the highest offices and the debt increased from $5,407,306 in 1868 to $20,333,901 in 1873. The campaign of 1876 was of unexampled bitterness. Intimidation and bloodshed were called into play. Both sides claimed the victory, and there were for a time rival State governments. When President Hayes withdrew the Federal troops from the State the Republican claimant, Governor Chamberlain, gave up the contest and Wade Hampton (q.v.) was recognized as Governor. Several of the State officers were tried on charges of malfeasance and sentenced to varying terms of imprisonment. Since this time, by various methods, the negro majority in the State has been kept powerless in all elections. A severe earthquake, of which Charleston seemed to be the centre, destroyed property valued at $5,000,000, August 31, 1886. In 1893 a great storm on the coast caused the loss of more than 1000 lives. The growth and development of the Farmers' Alliance led to the capture of the Democratic Party in 1890, when B. R. Tillman was elected Governor after a campaign of bitterness second only to that of 1876. In 1901-02 the South Carolina Interstate and West Indian Exposition was held at Charleston. In national elections the State has been always Democratic, except in 1792, when the Federalists secured the electors, and during the Reconstruction period, 1868-76, when the vote was given for the Republican candidates. See Electoral Commission.
Governors of South Carolina
| UNDER THE PROPRIETORS | ||
| Sir John Yeamans, Lieutenant-General and Gov. | 1665 | |
| William Sayle | 1669-70 | |
| Joseph West (acting) | 1670-72 | |
| Sir John Yeamans | 1672-74 | |
| Joseph West | 1674-82 | |
| Joseph Morton | 1682-84 | |
| Richard Kyrle | 1684 | |
| Robert Quarry (acting) | 1684-85 | |
| Joseph West | 1685 | |
| Joseph Morton | 1685-86 | |
| James Colleton | 1686-90 | |
| Seth Sothell (Southwell) | 1690-91 | |
| Philip Ludwell | 1691-93 | |
| Thomas Smith | 1693-94 | |
| Joseph Blake (acting) | 1694 | |
| John Archdale | 1694-96 | |
| Joseph Blake | 1696-1700 | |
| James Moore (acting) | 1700-02 | |
| Sir Nathaniel Johnson | 1702-08 | |
| Edward Tynte | 1708-09 | |
| Robert Gibbes (acting) | 1709-12 | |
| Edward Craven | 1712-16 | |
| Robert Daniel (acting) | 1716-17 | |
| Robert Johnson | 1717-19 | |
| James Moore (chosen by convention) | 1719-21 | |
| UNDER THE CROWN | ||
| Sir Francis Nicholson | 1721-25 | |
| Arthur Middleton (acting) | 1725-30 | |
| Robert Johnson | 1730-35 | |
| Thomas Broughton (Lieutenant-Governor) | 1735-37 | |
| William Bull (acting and Lieutenant-Governor) | 1737-43 | |
| James Glen | 1743-56 | |
| William Henry Littleton | 1756-60 | |
| William Bull, 2d, (Lieutenant-Governor) | 1760-61 | |
| Thomas Boone | 1761-64 | |
| William Bull, 2d, (Lieutenant-Governor) | 1764-66 | |
| Lord Charles Greville Montagu | 1766-68 | |
| William Bull, 2d, (Lieutenant-Governor) | 1768 | |
| Lord Charles Greville Montagu | 1768-69 | |
| William Bull, 2d, (Lieutenant-Governor) | 1769-71 | |
| Lord Charles Greville Montagu | 1771-73 | |
| William Bull, 2d, (Lieutenant-Governor) | 1773-75 | |
| Lord William Campbell | 1775 | |
| STATE | ||
| John Rutledge | President | 1776-78 |
| Rawlins Lowndes | “ | 1778-79 |
| John Rutledge | Governor | 1779-83 |
| John Mathews | 1782-85 | |
| Benjamin Guerard | 1783-87 | |
| William Moultrie | 1785-89 | |
| Thomas Pinckney | Democrat-Republican | 1787-82 |
| Charles Pinckney | ““ | 1789-94 |
| Arnoldus Vanderhorst | 1792-96 | |
| William Moultrie | 1794-98 | |
| Charles Pinckney | Democrat-Republican | 1796-90 |
| Edward Rutledge | Federalist | 1798-1802 |
| John Drayton | Democrat-Republican | 1800-02 |
| James B. Richardson | ““ | 1802-04 |
| Paul Hamilton | ““ | 1804-06 |
| Charles Pinckney | ““ | 1806-08 |
| John Drayton | ““ | 1808-10 |
| Henry Middleton | ““ | 1810-12 |
| Joseph Alston | ““ | 1812-14 |
| David R. Williams | ““ | 1814-16 |
| Andrew Pickens | ““ | 1816-18 |
| John Geddes | ““ | 1818-20 |
| Thomas Bennett | ““ | 1820-22 |
| John L. Wilson | ““ | 1822-24 |
| Richard I. Manning | ““ | 1824-26 |
| John Taylor | ““ | 1826-28 |
| Stephen D. Miller | Democrat | 1828-30 |
| James Hamilton | “ | 1830-32 |
| Robert Y. Hayne | “ | 1832-34 |
| George McDuffle | “ | 1834-36 |
| Pierce M. Butler | “ | 1836-38 |
| Patrick Noble | “ | 1838-40 |
| B. K. Hennegan (acting) | 1840 | |
| John P. Richardson | Democrat | 1840-42 |
| James H. Hammond | “ | 1842-44 |
| William Aiken | “ | 1844-46 |
| David Johnson | “ | 1846-48 |
| W. B. Seabrook | “ | 1848-50 |
| John H. Means | “ | 1850-52 |
| John L. Manning | “ | 1852-54 |
| James H. Adams | “ | 1854-56 |
| Robert F. W. Allston | “ | 1856-58 |
| William H. Gist | “ | 1858-60 |
| Francis W. Pickens | “ | 1860-62 |
| M. L. Bonham | “ | 1862-64 |
| A. G. Magrath | “ | 1864-65 |
| Benjamin F. Perry | Provisional | 1865 |
| James L. Orr | Democrat | 1865-68 |
| Robert K. Scott | Republican | 1868-72 |
| Franklin J. Moses, Jr. | “ | 1872-74 |
| Daniel H. Chamberlain | “ | 1874-77 |
| Wade Hampton | Democrat | 1877-79 |
| W. D. Simpson (acting) | “ | 1879-80 |
| T. D. Jeter (acting) | “ | 1880 |
| Johnson Hagood | “ | 1880-82 |
| Hugh S. Thompson | “ | 1882-86 |
| John C. Sheppard (acting) | 1886 | |
| John P. Richardson | Democrat | 1886-90 |
| Benjamin R. Tillman | “ | 1890-94 |
| John Gary Evans | “ | 1894-97 |
| William H. Ellerbe | “ | 1897-99 |
| M. B. McSweeney | “ | 1899-1903 |
| Duncan C. Heyward | “ | 1903— |
Bibliography. Hemphill, “Climate, Soil, and Agricultural Capabilities of South Carolina and Georgia,” in U. S. Department of Agriculture Special Report 47 (Washington, 1882); Hammond, South Carolina, Resources, Population, Institutions, and Industries (Charleston, 1883); Whitney, “Bibliography of the Colonial History of South Carolina,” in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1894 (Washington, 1895); Smith, South Carolina as a Royal Province (New York, 1903); McCrady, History of South Carolina Under Proprietary Government, 1670-1719 (New York, 1897); id., Under Royal Government, 1719-76 (ib., 1899); id., In the Revolution, 1775-80 (ib., 1901); Ramsay, History of South Carolina (2d ed., Newberry, S. C., 1858); Houston, Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina (New York, 1896); Pike, The Prostrate State (ib., 1874).
SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE. A non-sectarian, coeducational college in Columbia, S. C., chartered in 1801 and opened in 1805. It
