Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/439

SOVEREIGNTY. 379 SOXHLET. the people half sovereign, nor in a fcileral system can the various members of the union be partly sovereign and the central autliority also partly sovereign. What seems like the division of sov- ereignty in a 'federal State' is, on closer analysis, found to be either the actual sovereignty of the political society as a whole, as in the United States, or the complete sovereignty of a numlier of independent States, associated for certain com- mon purposes, as in the Confederale States. The practical difficulty arises from uncertainty as to the degree of centralization in the given system. The location of sovereignty has been a vexed question, especially in connection with the rise of modern constitutionalism. The sovereignty of the King and that of the people have been stoutly and ingeniously defended bj- the partisans of court and commonalty. In general the theory of pop- ular sovereignty has triumphed, although in Germany the doctrine of State sovereignty has been accepted as a compromise. There the State, including both King and people, is declared to be the repository of supreme power by most publi- cists. The location of sovereignty has also been a subject of discussion as well as actual warfare in Germany and the United States, and in both instances decision has been against the individual States. See States' Rights. External Sovereignty. States possessing certain powers, such as that of negotiating treaties, declaring war, and regulating their internal administration, are called sovereign powers and are the parties to international law, entitled to its rights and privileges and lialile to its duties and responsibilities. In international law sovereignty is not regarded as absolute, since no State is wholly independent of the other mem- bers of the family of nations. Some States fre- quently receive commands from and are practi- cally in subjection to other nations, but are nevertheless treated as sovereign powers for the purposes of international law-. Such are Turkey, Servia, and Egypt. Moreover, in international law, sovereignty is generally looked upon as divisible in nature. Certain States are termed half-sovereign or semi-sovereign. A State may yield up its right to negotiate with other powers, "or the right to make war, or may surrender the control of a large part of its internal admin- istration, and yet remain in the eyes of inter- national law at least a semi-sovereign State. We may thus have a State which is sover- eign internally — that is, over its own subjects — and at the same time subordinate to the commands of some other State externally, as was Madagascar. In fact, the territorial expansion of the Great Pow'ers has given rise to a variety of complicated relations be- tween strong and weak States, such as the pro- tectorate, suzerainty, and the 'sphere of in- fluence,' which make exceedingly difficult the logical application of the conventional idea of sovereignty, and, indeed, can be explained only by reference to the category of international law. In recent years it has been maintained that sovereignty has no place among the concepts of political science, and should properly be elimi- nated from its terminology'. Sovereignty and absolutism are regarded as identical in nature, and it is declared that constitutionalism, federal- ism, and imperialism alike require that this con- cept, born in the days of the struggle with feudal- VOL. XVIII.— 26. 60W-BUa. ism, should now be abandoned. Other publicists maintain that a State may exist as a State al- though devoid of the attribute of sovereignty. There may be, in other words, a non-sovereign State, of which such coniniunities as Bavaria and Saxony would be types. Such 'States' possess true political power, governing in their right, and not by delegated authority, but are to be classed as non-sovereign States, in- asmuch as they are subordinate to -."^^^Cl^**** the Empire as a whole. The same Y? jt position has been claimed for the "f l T r members of the American Union by Woodrow Wilson. SOW-BUG. A small carnivo- rous crustacean of the family Onis- eidae, the species of which live under logs in the woods and in similar places. It is an isopod. See Crustacea; Isopoda; and compare Gribble. SOWER, sour (or SAUR), Christophee ( 1003-1758). An early American printer and pub- lisher, born at Laasphe, near Marburg, Germany. After receiving a university education, and study- ing medicine at Halle, he emigrated to Pennsyl- vania in 17'24. and in 1731 settled at CJermantown. There in 1738 lie set up a printing press and began the publication of an almanac in German, which was continued by his descendants for sixty j-ears. In 1739 he issued the first number of Der Hoch-Detitsch Pen-sylvanische Geschichte- ^Ichreiher. a quarterly magazine, the first of the sort published in Pennsylvania. In 1743 he pub- lished a quarto edition of Luther's translation of the Bible in German, which was, with the ex- ception of Eliot's Indian Bible, the first to be published in America. He continued his activity in publishing both English and German works, and in connection with that business established a type foundry, the first in America, a paper niili, and an ink factory. He is also generally credited with being the inventor of east-iron stoves. SO WERE Y (sou'er-bi) BRIDGE. A manu- facturing town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 3 miles southwest of Halifax. Its chief buildings are Christ Church, dating from 1526 and rebuilt in 1810. the town hall, and municipal offices. The town owns the gas works, slaughter houses, and public baths. Woolens are manu- factured. Population, in 1001, 11,500. SOW THISTLE (AS. siifiii istrl, from mgu. sow -f- istel, thistle), Soitcliiix. A genus of about 30 species of Old World plants of the natural order Compositoe. Several species have been in- troduced in the United States. The common sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceun) is a somewhat branching annual weed 2 to 3 feet tall, with small yellow flowers, common in richly cultivated soils. The tender tops and leaves are much used in Northern Europe as greens. The field sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis) is a perennial with large yellow flowers and found in similar soils. The Alpine blue sow thistle {[jnctnat (ilpina) is a native of the mountainous parts of Europe. SOXHLET, zoks'let, Franz (1848-). A German agricultural chemist, born at Briinn, Austria, and educated at Leipzig. In 1879 he was appointed professor of agricultural chemis- try at the Polytechnic Institute in Munich and superintendent of the principal Bavarian agri-