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SPANISH LITERATURE. 413 SPANISH WAR VETERANS. supplement, Frankfort, 1855) ; id., PoQsie tind Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sizilien (Stutt- gart, 1877) ; Schiiffer, Geschichte drs spanischen Xationaldramas (Leipzig, 1890) ; Balaguer, His- toria dc los trovadores (Madrid, 1888) ; Menfin- dez y Pelayo, Cahleron y su teatro (il)., 1881), La ciencia espaiiola (ib., 1889), Estudios de critica literaria (ib., 1895), Antologia dc poetas liricos aistelhinos (ib., 1890 et seq. ); Ue Puy- maigre, Les vieiix auteiirs castillans (Paris, 1888- 90) ; Menendez Pidal. La leyenda de los Infantes de Lara (Madrid, 1896) ; Cotarelo y Mori, Iriarte y sii rpoca (ib., 1897). SPANISH MACKEREL, or Sierra. Any of several mackerels of southern waters, especially Scomberomorus maculatiis, a slender, compressed, fusiform fish, bluish green above, a beautiful satiny white below, with yellowish spots on the back and sides, weighing usually from two to four pounds, although sometimes much larger. They are natives of tropical seas, but they range along the Atlantic coast from Brazil to Cape Cod. They are among the very finest of fish for the table. A California species of high quality for the table is the Monterey Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus concolor), the male of which is steel blue, without spots on its silvery sides, while the female has dusky cloudings and two series of dark spots along the sides. The 'Spanish mackerel' of England is a typical mackerel, known in the United States as 'chub mackerel' (q.v. ). Compare Mackerel; and see Plate of Spanish Mackerels. SPANISH MOSS. See Bromelia. SPANISH MUSIC. Spanish music has al- ways been imitative. At first the influence of the great school of the Netherlands predominated. This period was followed by a prevalence of Roman influence, especially that of Palestrina. The sixteenth century may be regarded as the time when music in Spain was at its height, for then it boasted Morales, whose compositions are still sung at Rome, and the great Vittoria, the master who most closely resembles Palestrina. With the appearance of Italian opera, Spanish composers not only imitated the Italians, but actually wrote Italian operas. With Wagner's innovations Spain was again ready to adopt the new tendencies. At this junctiire the name of Pedrell deserves special mention. Stimulated by the attempts of Russian, Scandinavian, and Bo- hemian composers to establish a national school of music, Pedrell chose for his operas national subjects. His most ambitious undertaking is a trilogy, Los Pireneos, somewhat after Wagner's Kibeluugen. The rise of the Spanish drama in the seventeenth century exerted a bene- ficial influence upon lighter music. The earlier musical dramas of the Florentine school had no overture. Instead, a madritial was sung before the curtain rose. The Spaniards adopted this custom for their purely dramatic representations, so that before very long even the most serious tragedies were preceded by such 'curtain-raisers.' These were called cnatros de empezar, and were always performed by the women of the company to a harp accompaniment. At first the cuatros were choruses for four voices; but with the rise of the monodic style polyphonic writing was abandoned and an action was introduced. When the 'curtain-raisers' had been developed so far, they were called tonadillas. Tliis custom of be- ginning all dramatic representations with a toitM- dilla was adopted by the Italians, who called the tonadilla intermezzo, and soon developed this latter into the opera buffa. (See Intermezzo.) Then the Spaniards again imitated the Italians; and the result was the development of the tona- dilla into the zarziiela. This was a kind of comic opera, operetta, or vaudeville, gcnerallj- in two acts and with spoken dialogue. The name is derived from the castle of Zarzuela, where, in tlie seventeenth century, the first representations of this kind took place. This form has always been very popular in Spain, and about 1850 Hernando gave it a new impetus. Among the numerous composers who devoted their talents to this form, four deserve mention: Oudrid, Gaztambide, Barbieri, and Arrieta. But for originality and characteristic traits we must turn to Spanish folk-music. Here we notice that the real folk-songs are almost exclu- sively used as accompaniments to dances. The limitations of the national instrument, the guitar, influenced the melodies and rhythms to a great extent, rendering the latter more attractive than the former. Of the old folk-songs com- posed in the time of the Troubadours a great number have been preserved in literary collec- tions called eancioncros. but the music has been lost. The music of the folk-songs of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, however, has been tran- scribed from the aefual performances of blind singers, who even now, as formerly, wander from town to town. The melodies of Andalusia, which are in all respects superior to those of the north- ern provinces, show undoubted traces of Moorish influences, as shown by the elaborate embellish- ments of the notes of the melody, peculiar inter- vals foreign to European scales, and a strange combination of distinct rhythms in the several parts. This foreign element has always attracted composers, who by this means have succeeded in creating a local atmosphere in their works. In this connection it is only necessary to mention the names of Bizet (Cartncn) , JIassenet {Le Cid, La Navarraise) , Weber {Oberon), and Mosz- kowski (Boabdil) . The best known Spanish dance-forms are the bolero, cachucha. fandango, jota, malaguefia, rondeiia, and seguidilla, which are accompanied by the guitar and castanets. Con- sult: Soriano-Fuertes. Musira espaiiola husta cl ano -?SoO (Madrid, 1857) : .Juan F. Riauo, Critical and Biographical Notes on Early Spanish Musia (London. 1887) ; A. Soubies. Histoire de la mu- sifjne. Espagne (Paris. 1900). SPANISH NEEDLES. See BiR- Marigold. SPANISH POLITICAL ' PARTIES. See Spain'; Political Paktie.s, section on Spain. SPANISH SUCCESSION, War of the. See SrccE.ssioN Wars. SPANISH TOWN. A town in Jamaica, British West Indies, on tlie Cobre River, about 10 miles west of Kingston (Map: West Indies, J C). It was founded by Diego Columbus in 1525 and was the capital of Jamaica imtil 1871. Population, over 5000. SPANISH WAR VETERANS. A patriotic society incorporated in Washington, D. C. on November 2, 1899. It admits to membership any soldier or sailor of the regular and volunteer army and navy and marine corps of the United