Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/50

SHAFTESBURY. the Admiralty, but political office had little at- traction for him, and veiy soon after his elec- tion to Parliament he entered upon what was to be his life's work — the reform of social and legal abuses. He first devoted liimself to the ■question of the insane, whose pitiful condition un- der the barbarous mode of treatment then in vogue stirreii him to unceasing activity until a complete reform of the Lunacy Acts had been ef- fected. He next gave his attention to the pas- sage of a ten-hour factory bill. This was not accomplished until after fourteen years of agita- tion (1847), in the course of which Shaftesbury eloquently pleaded the cause of the unhappy Lancashire operatives, of whose life he made a pei'sonal study. The revelation of the fearful conditions of employment prevailing in the coal mines led to the act of 1842, advocated by Shaftes- bury, which abolished the iniquitous system of ajiprenticeship and forbade the employment of women and children under thirteen in the coal pits. Shaftesbury interested himself also in the condition of the London chinmcy sweeps, in •vliose behalf he carried the celebrated Climbing Boys Act. He devoted nuich time to studying conditions in the slums of London, was chiefly instrumental in the erection of the so-called Eagged S;hools, and was for thirty-nine years chairman -himself of the Ragged School Union. His Lodgin.T House Act of 1851 was a great stej) forward in improving the housing of the poor. He caused the construction of a large number of model tenements at Battersea, and erected model cottages on his own estate. With the masses of the people Sliaftesbury enjoyed immense popu- larity. He died October 1, 1885. His speeches, with an introduction by himself, were published in 1868. Consult Hodder, Life and Work, of the Sei^enth Earl of Shaftesbury (3 vols., London, lS8fi). SHAFTING. A mechanical device to trans- mit power from one part of a mill to another and sometimes employed for external transmis- sion to distances of a few hundred feet. Be- yond distances of 300 or 400 feet it becomes too expensive as compared with other means of power transmission. Shafting consists of a line of round iron or steel bars resting in bearings and rigidly fastened together. The component bars are usually from 12 feet to 24 feet long, and they are fastened together by couplings of various forms, the most usual of which consists of two circular plates connected by bolts. The material used for shafting is usually steel, which is rolled to cylindrical form and turned smooth at the points where the various pulleys and gear ■wheels are attached. SHAG. A cormorant (q.v. ), especially Phala- crocorax carbo. See Plate of Fishing Birds. SHAG-BARK. See Hickory. SHAGREEN" (Fr. chaqrin. from Venetian It. zaffriit. It. zigrino, from Turk. sSfihri, sha- green, back of a horse). A variety of leather made from the skin of the shark or some related selachian, or from portions of the skins of horses, asses, camels, and oxen. These strips are prepared by soaking in water and curry- ing: and when in the proper condition they are laid on the ground, and the seeds of Chenopodiim album are sprinkled over them ; a board or piece of felt is then placed on 36 SHAH JEHAN. the seeds, and by pressure the hard seeds are forced deeply into the skin, which is then hung to dry. hen dry, the seeds are removed by shaking, and the skin pared down with a proper knife nearly but not quite as low as the bottom of the depressions caused by the seeds. After this the skin is again soaked, and the parts com- pressed by the seeds now rise up and form eleva- tions, which are increased by washing in a solu- tion of salt. The last operation is dyeing them various colors, green being the favorite one. Owing to the dilierence of texture produced by the operations of compressing by the seeds, par- ing, etc., the color is taken irregularly; and when dyed green, the material somewhat resembles malachite in apjiearancc when dried and polished. SHAHAP'TIAN STOCK. A group of cog- nate tribes formerly occupying the country upon the waters of the Snake River and the Jliddle Columbia in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon, from the Bitter Root ilountains to the Cascade range, and from about the 4oth to the 47th par- allel. The principal tribes are the Nez Perce or Sahaptin, Klikitat, Pains, Tenino, L'matilla, Wallawalla, Warmsprings, and Yakima (qq.v. ). The general migration seems to have been west- ward and southward down the Columbia. In con- sequence of their central position and their natu- ral entei'prise, the Shahaptian tribes became the recognized trading intermediaries between the plains tribes east of the Rocky Mountains and ■ fishing tribes of the Lower Columbia and coast. Two of the most famous Indian leaders in the his- tory of the Columbia region, Joseph and Smohalla (q.v.), are of this lineage. They number now in all about 4000 on reservations in Idaho, 'ash- ington, and Oregon, the Nez Perce leading with 1700. SHAHJAHANPUR, shil'ju-hiin'poor. The capital of a district of the same name in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India. 102 miles north by west of Lucknow on the Deoha River (Map: India, 3). It has a military post, several old mosques, and mission schools. The city is surrounded by an agricultural dis- trict and is engaged in sigar refining and dis- tilling. Population, in 1001. 76,458. Shahja- lianpur dates from 1647, and came under English control in 1801. SHAH JEHAN, jc-han' (Pers., king of the world) (?-c.l665). the fifth of the Mogul em- perors of Delhi. He was the third son of Jehan- gir. and before his accession to the throne dis- tinguished himself by victories over the Rajputs, the Mohammedan States of the Deccan. and the Afghans in the neighborhood of Kandahar. In 1623 Shah Jehan rebelled against his father when the latter, after the sudden death of his elder son Khusru (who was supposed to have been murdered by Shah Jehan) , declared Bxilaki. Khus- ru's son. heir to the throne. He sacked Agra and ravaged Bengal, but was defeated by Jehangir and forced to seek refuge in the Deccan (1625). On the death of the Emperor in 1627 Shah .Tehan returned, outwitted Biilaki, whose fate is a mys- tery, and was proclaimed Padishah at Agra (1628). marking his accession by the murder of all the princes of his house whom he could seize. His reign was a stormy one, marked by intrigue and treachery. He alienated the native Hindu rajptits from himself, and destroyed the Portu- guese settlement of Hugli, near the present Gal-