Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/535

SPOKANE. 4G1 SPONGE. pine timber forests. It is also the metropolis of a highly productive cereal belt. In the census year 1000 there was $2,678,823 capital invested in the various industries, whose output was valued at $15,427,540. Lumber, foundry and machine shop products, cars. Hour, malt liquors, brieU, brooms, furniture, pottery, marble and granite, and orna- mental iron constitute the principal manufac- tures. The government is vested in a ma3'or, chosen every two years, and a unicameral coun- cil, and in administrative officials, the majority of wliom are appointed by the mayor with the consent of the council. The city spends annually for maintenance and operation about $547,000, the principal items of expense being: Schools, $157,000; interest on debt, $145,000; the fire department, $07,000; police department, $.3(1.000: and streets, $21,000. The water-works, which represent an expenditure of $1,320,761, are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in ISOO. I!),fl22"; in 1900, 30,848! In the early part of the nineteenth century an Indian trading post was established at SpoUane, but tlicre was a population of only 350 in 1880. The growth of the present city dates from 1884, when the Northern Pacific Railway was completed to this point. The city soon became an important dis- tributing centre, and by 1892 was entered by eight railways. In 1889 it was almost completely destroyed bv fire, but was quickly rebuilt. Con- sult a chapter by Harold Bolce, in Powell, His- toric Toicns of the Western States (New York, 1901) ; Edwards, An Illustrated History of Spa- lane Countij (n. p., 1900). SPOLETO, spft-I,-i'trt. A city in the Province of Perugia, Italy, situated on a hill, 61 miles north-northeast of Rome (Map: Ital}', G 5). It is dominated by a citadel, now a prison, in wliieh in 1409 Lucretia Borgia was incarcerated. The town is united with the neighboring height of Jlonte Luco by a Roman bridge and aqueduct. Beneath the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele are the ruins of a Roman theatre. Several of the churches occupy the sites of Roman temples. The eleventh-century cathedral has a fine Renais- sance portico. The gathering of truffles, together with the preservation of meats, fruits, and vege- tables, the manufacture of olive oil and silk, and the mining of lignite are the chief industries. Population (conunune). in 18S1, 21.507: in 1001. 24.642. The ancient Umbrian town of Spoletium was colonized by the Romans in B.C. 241. It was destroyed by the Goths, but rebuilt by Narses. In 574 it became the capital of the Lombard Duchy of Spoleto, which rose to great power in the ninth century, when two of the dukes, Guido (q.v.), and Lambert, his son, successively re- ceived the Imperial crown from the Pope. From 1220 to 1800 it was a Papal possession. SPOLIATION (Fr. spoliation, from Lat. spoliatio, a plundering, from spoliare, to plun- der, spoil ) . The destruction of a thing by a per- son not an owner or interested therein, particu- larly the erasure of a signature on or alteration of the body of an instrument in writing. The wrongdoer is liable in damages for his act. Such an alteration or destruction of an instrument will not destroy its legal effect if the original contents can be clearly proved. Spoliation differs from alteration in that the former is committed by a stranger and the latter by a person inter- ested in the thing destroyed or altered. In admiralty law, the hasty spoliation or de- struction of ship's papers or other documents connected with the voyage by tlic officers of a vessel suspected of snuiggling or blockade run- ning is held to create a jjresumption of guilt, which, however, may be rebutted. In ecclesiastical law the term denotes the de- struction or waste of church property. SPONGE (Lat. sponf/ia, from (ik. 0-^077(0, sponge; connected with Lat. fungus, mushroom). A group of animals representing a distinct branch or phylum, Porifcra. The sponges are many-celled animals, with three cell-layers, with- out a true digestive cavity, supported usually by calcareous or siliceous spicules, the body-mass permeated by ciliated passages or containing minute chambers lined by fiagellate, collared, monad-like cells. There is no true mouth-open- ing, but usually an irregular .system of inhalent pores opening into the cell-lined chambers or passages through which the food is introduced in currents of sea water, the waste particles passing out of the body by a single but more usually by many cloacal openings (oscula). Sponges are hermaphroditic, multiplying by fer- tilized eggs, the germ passing through a morula and a gastrula stage. Sponges are divided, according to the nature of the skeleton or supporting fibres or spicules, into two orders: (1) Caleispongi(e, in which the spicules are calcareous, and (2) Silicispongi(B, or glass sponges, in which the spicules are si- liceous, or horny and fibrous, as in the bath sponges, when spongin instead of silica forms the supporting framework. Examples of the siliceous sponges are the Venus's flower-basket (Euplectella) and allied deep-sea forms, such as Hyalonema, Iloltenia, etc. To the second order also belongs the fresh-water sponge ( Spon- gilla), which grows in lakes or sluggish streams. These differ from other sponges in producing statoblasts or winter buds, formed by the proto- plasm dividing into round bodies as large as a pin's head and enveloped by a dense membrane. thus enabling the species to survive freezing cold or droughts. Certain sponges bore into shells, causing them to disintegrate. For example, Cliona sul- jiliurea has been found boring into various shells, such as the oyster, mussel, and scallop ; it also spreads out on all sides, enveloping and dis- solving the entire shell. It has even been found to penetrate one or two inches into hard statuary marble. Cliona also dis- integrates coral. Of the marketable sponges there are six species, with numerous varieties. They are avail- able for our use from being simply fibrous, hav- ing no siliceous spicules. The Mediterranean sponges are the best, being the softest ; those of the Red Sea are next in quality, while our West Indian species are coarser and less durable. Our glove-sponge (Spongia tuhulifera) corresponds to Spongia Adriatica, which is the Turkey cup- sponge and Levant toilet sponge of the Jlediter- A F<JSSU. SeONOE. One of tliH Brarhinspon- pia { Ttiotr.-isterellji gra- cilis').