Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/549

SPRINGFIELD. 473 SPRUCE. ^Missouri, Springfield has also important agri- cultural, lumbering, and stock-raising interests. In manufacturing, it ranked fourth in the State in the census jear 1900, its industries having an invested capital of $2,111,048, and an output valued at .i;4, 120,871. The leading estahlishments are carriage and wagon factories, lumher mills, Houring mills, foundries, and shops of the Saint Louis and San Francisco and the Kansas City and Meniiihis railroads. Springlield is also the centre of an extensive wholesale trade. The gov- ernment is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. The scliool board is elected bv popular vote. Population, in 1800, 21.850: in UIOO, 23,267. Springfield was settled as an Indian trading post about 1819, and in IS38 was incorporated, having been laid out three years earlier. SPRINGFIELD. The county-seat of Clark County, O., 45 miles west of Columbus; at the conlluence of Lagonda Creek and the Mad Kiver, and on the Erie, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago and Saint Louis, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and .Saint Louis, and the Ohio Southern railroads (Map: Ohio. 6). It is the seat of Wittenberg College (Lutheran), opened in 1845, and has a female seminary, and the Warder Pub- lic Library, with more than 18,000 volumes. Noteworthy are the city hall, the United States Government building, the homes of the fraternal organizations, and Snyder Park. The Soldiers' Monument here was erected at a cost of .$400,000. Springfield is surrounded by a highly productive farming section. Excellent water power has aided in making an important industrial centre. In the census year 1900 there was invested in the various industries capital to the amount of $14,091,175. Their output was valued at $12,- 777,173. More than five-sevenths of the capital, and nearly two-thirds of the output were repre- sented by the manufactures of agricultural im- plements, and foundry and machine shop prod- ucts. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. For maintenance and operation the city spends an- nuallv about $395,000, the principal items being: Schools, $132,000; streets, $152,000; municipal lighting, $48,000: fire department, $40,000; in- terest on debt, $37,200: police department, $34,- 000. The water works, which re]u'esent an ex- penditure of $707,577, are owned by the munici- palitv. Population, in 1890, 31,895; in 1900, 38.2.53. SPRING HILL COLLEGE. A Roman Catholic institution near Mol)ile. Ala., founded in 1830, under the direction of the Society of Jesus. Its courses are preparatory (one 3'ear), commercial (four years), and classical (six years). The students in 1902 numbered lOG, and the faculty 26. The buildings and ground were valued in that year at $250,000. The income was about $42,000 and the library contained 18,500 volumes. SPRINGING USE. A use which is limited to take ertVct on the happening of a future event and not dejjcnding vipon any preceding use or estate. This is a peculiar form of futiire estate and differs from a shifting use. which operates in derogation of some other estate, and from a remainder Avhich must be limited upon some par- ticular or preceding estate. It may be limited to rise either upon a certain or uncertain and con- tingent event. Consult Gilbert On Uses, Sudgen's edition. SPRINGTAIL. Any one of the very minute in-ccts of the families Podurida", Smynthurid«, Entomobryid:e, and Piiiuriidie, of the tbysanu- ran suborder Collendiola. These little insects leap by the tail-like organ arising from the under side of the penultinuite or antepenultimate seg- ment of the abdomen, reaching forward horizon- tally when at rest, nearly to the head. This oigan when suddenly drawn toward the jierpen- dicular throws the insect higli into (lu' air and sometimes to a distance of several feet. The springtails are found in great numbers on the surface of the ground or just beneath the surface in boreal and even arctic regions. They occur in the spring in the Northern United States on bright sunny days when the snow is melting, frequently in great numbers on the surface of the snow. One species {Achorciitcs iiiricola) is commonly known as the 'snow-fiea.' Springtails are also found on the surface of stagnant water, and commonly in deep soil which contains more or less soil hvmuis. SPRING VALLEY. A city in Bureau County, 111.. 17 miles southeast of Princeton; on the Chi- cago. Rock Island and Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads (Maj): Illinois, C 2). It is important as the shi])ping centre of a coal-mining and farming region. There is a jiublic library. The water-works are owned by tle municipality. Population, in 1890. 3S37 ; in 1900. (;214. SPRING WHEAT. See FLora and Wheat. SPRIT (AS. sprcot, pole, sprout, from uprcn- tiin, dew spricseen, to sprout). A light spar ex- tending from the peak (see S.IL) to a sliding becket on the mast. In the early days of s<|uare-rioged ships, square sails set on yards under the head booms were called the sprit-sail, sprit-sail topsail, and sprit-sail topgallant sail. When the square sprit-sails of the liead booms were replaced by fore-and-aft jibs and staysails, the various sprit-sail yards were no longer used, but as a spreader was needed for the jib guys, whisker booms (see Ship) w-ere devised, and these are occasionally called sprit-sail yards, though they are in two parts, one on each side of the bowsprit cap. SPRUCE (ilE. Spruce, Prucc. from OF. I'nicc, from ML. Prussia, Prussia). Picra. A genis of about twenty species of coniferous trees, indigenous to the Northei'n Hemisphere, nearly half being natives of North America. The genus was formerly combined with Abies (see FiR), from which it differs in having pendulous cones, leaves jointed on the twigs, keeled on liutli sides and not arranged in ranks, but scattered and pointing in every direction. The spruces occur as trees farther north than most others, forming forests within the Arctic Circle, and extending south, especially in the mountains as far as the Pyrenees in Europe, and North Carolina and Arizona in the United States. Some of the species occur in pure forests over immense tracts, the white spruce and also the black spruce cover- ing extensive areas in Canada to the almost total exclusion of other trees. In Europe the Norway spruce is similarly distributed. The species are jiyramidal in habit of growth, the lower branches drooping when old. The Norway spruce {Picea