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STEPHEN. 5o2 STEPHENS. text-book; Life of Hennj Fawcett (1S85); An Ag>iostic's Apology (1893); Life of Sir James Fit::james Stephen (1895), his brother; Social h'iyhls and Duties (1896); Htudies, of a Biog- rapher (1898) ; The English Utilitarians (1900) ; and, in the "English Men of Letters" series, lives of Swift, Pope, Johnson, Hobbes, and George Eliot. Stephen was knighted in 1902. STEPHEN BATHORY, bii'to-re. See Bath- OEY. STEPHEN DUSHAN, .doo'shan (c.1308-55). Czar of Servia from 1331 to 1355. Profiting by the disorders in the Byzantine Empire, he ob- tained possession of a lar^e part of Jlaeedonia and of Northern Greece. He also extended his sway over most of Albania, while Bulgaria ac- knowledged his overlordship, and he defied the power of Louis the Great of Hungary. Stephen was great as a ruler, as a soldier, and as a law- giver. In 1346 he had himself crowned Emperor (Czar) of the Servians and Greeks. In 1349 an independent patriarchate was instituted for Servia. Under Stephen there was. for a brief period a great Slavic realm in the southeast of Europe. His death was followed by its speedy disruption. Stephen Dushan is regarded as a national hero by the Servians. STEPHENS, ste'venz, Alex. dee Ha:»iilton ( 1812-83) . An American statesman, and the Vice- President of tlie Confederate States; burn in Taliaferro County, Ga., February 11. 1812. His boyhood was one of poverty and toil, with occa- sional attendance at 'old-field' schools. A so- ciety for the education of young men for the Presbyterian ministry became interested in him and provided liim with the means for education at Franklin College, now the State University, where be graduated at the head of his class in 1832. He did not enter the ministry, but he returned, with interest, the money advanced for liim by the society, in accordance with the understanding upon which he had received it. He tauglit school for a time, and after three montlis' study of law without a tutor was ad- mitted to the bar at Crawfordville. his county- town, at the age of twenty-two. At twenty-four he was elected to the State Legislature, and after five years' service there was sent to the L'nited States House of Representatives, where he re- mained from 1843 until he voluntarily retired in 1859. In 1861 he became Vice-President of the Con- federate States and remained so while that gov- ernment lasted, thotigli not wholly in accord with its policy. He headed the Confederate Commis- sion th.it met President Lincoln and Secretary Seward at Hampton Roads in February. 1865, to confer upon terms of peace. (See Hampton Roads Conference.) There is no foundation in fact for the story that Lincoln told Stephens that he might write his own terms if restoration of the Union were agreed upon as the first con- dition of peace. After the fall of the Con- federacy he was imprisoned in Fort Warren. Bos- ton Harbor, from llav until October. 1865. Elected to the United States Senate in 1866. he was not permitted to take his seat, and he did not reenter official public life until 1873, when he became a member of the National House of Representatives, from which he again voluntarily retired in 1882. In the fall of that year he ■was elected Governor of Georgia, and died in the e.xecutivc mansion, Atlanta, March 4, 1883, leav- ing a creditable record as statesman, orator, and writer. His career is one of the most remarkable in American annals. With moral as well as physi- cal courage, he was independent of party. Hence, until 1855, though he had never been in thorough accord with the Whig Party, lie generally acted with it simply because lie preferred its policy, on the whole, to that of the Democrats. When the Whig Party became disorganized by affiliations of its Northern mem- bers with the Free-Soilers, he acted with the Democrats, opposed the Know-Nothing Party, and supported Douglas for the Presidencj' in 1860. But as, in 1852, he would not act with the Whig Party in support of Scott, so in 1872 he would not act with the Demo- cratic Party in support of Greeley. While he rejected as fallacious and inconsistent the doctrine of nullification, he believed in the right of secession; but he was opposed to the policy of resorting to it in 1861 as a remedy for the political situation at that time. He was devoted to the Union, but believed his ultimate allegiance due to his State, and when she seceded he went with it ; but in the conflict that ensued his efforts were directed to a peaceful adjustment based on the principles upon which the Union was formed, for he held the Union itself secon- iliiry in importance to those principles. Be- sides editing the Atlanta Daily Sun from 1871 to 1873, he published: A Constitutional Mew of the War Between the States (1868-70); The Reviewers Reviewed (a reply to his critics) ; and A School History of the United States (1872). Consult: Cleveland, Alexander H. Stephens in Public and Private, with Letters and Speeches (Philadelphia, 1866) ; .Johnston and Browne, Life of Alexander B. Stephens (ib., 1878; new ed. 1883). STEPHENS, George (1813-95). An English archa'ologist. born in Liverpool. He was edu- cated at University College, London. In 1834 he settled in Stockholm, Sweden, as a teacher of English. He translated Tegner's Frithiof into English verse (1841) ; was one of the founders of the Society for the Publication of Ancient Swed- ish Texts (1843), for which he edited several works: and published a Catalogue of English and French Manuscripts in the Royal Library at Stockholm (1847). In 1851 he moved to Copen- hagen, and was appointed professor of English and Anglo-Saxon in the university there (1855). While holding this position he prepared his best known work, The Old Northern Runic Moniimcnts of Scandinavia and England, f^ow First Collected and Deciphered (vol. i., 1866; vol. ii.. 1868; vol. iii.. 1884). which was abridged under the title A Handbooli to the Old Northern Runic ^[onu■ ments. As a collection of inscriptions, this work has great value ; but the interpretations were proved wortlilcss by Wimnier and other scholars. STEPHENS, Henry Morse (1857—). A British-.mcric;in historian, born in Edinburgh. He graduated at Balliol College. Oxford, in 1880, became a staff lecturer on history to the Oxford Extension Delegacy' in 1891. and in 1892 was chosen lecturer on Indian history at Cambridge University. He was professor of modern Euro- pean history at Cornell L^niversity from 1839 to 1903, when he became professor of history and