Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/65

SHALER. 49 SHAMANISM. First Book in Geology (1885) ; Kentucky (1885), in the "American Commonwealth Series"; The United States of America: A Study uf the Amer- ican Commonwealth (18'J4); Tlte Interpretation of Nature (1805); Domesticated Animals (1895); Xaturc and Man in America (1895); American Uighirat/s (1896); Outlines of the Earth's History (1898) ; and The Individual: A Study of Life and Death (1900). SHALLOT (UF. eschalote, eschalotte, Fr. eeha- lote, from OF. esehalonc, escaloyne, esealone, seal- lion, from Lat. Ascaloneus, relating to Ascalon, from Ascalon, from Gk. 'AaKa?Mv, AskaWn, Asca- lon, a city of Palestine), Allium ascalonicum. A perennial herb of the natural order Liliaceie, a native of the East, introduced into Europe, it is .said, from Ascalon, by the Crusaders, and much cultivated for its bulbs and leaves, which are used respectively like those of onion and chive. The shallot is generally propagated by the cloves, which, if planted in spring, produce a crop by Julj' or August. The flavor resembles but is milder than that of garlic. SHALLOW. An empty-headed country jus- tice in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor and Second Part of Henry IV., fond of boasting of his youthful pranks, and probably a satire on Sir Thomas Lucy, Shakespeare'.s enemy. SHALMANESER, shiil'man-e'zer (Heb. Sh(ile)nanescr, from Assyr. Shuhnanu-asharidu, Shulman is first). The name of several famous kings of Assyria. ( 1 ) Shalmaneser I. ( about B.C. 1.300) was the first Assyrian monarch to at- tempt successfully dominion in the west. He seems to have crossed the Euphrates and to have conquered the Musri, a people north of Syria. He removed the capital from Asshur to the more central Calah, south of Nineveh, the modern Xebi-Yunus (cf. Gen. x. 11: see Nineveh). (2) Sh.lmake.ser II. (B.C. 860-825) continued the ■western conquests of his father, Asurnazirjjal 111., who had pressed as far as Lebanon. No Assyrian king excelled him in the number of his campaigns, which amounted to twenty-six; twen- ty-five times he crossed the Euphrates, and five times he invaded Syria. In B.C. 854 he met Ben- hadad II. of Damascus, who was supported by most of the South-Syrian States, including the forces of Ahab of Israel, and also by contingents from Cilicia and Arabia, in a great battle at Karkar; although he inflicted defeat upon the allies and rava.ged the territor.v of Damascus, he was not able to crush that city. In B.C. 842 he defeated Hazael of Damascus near Jlount Her- mon and received the tribute of Jehu of Israel. He also had wars with I'rartu, to the north of Assyria, and made a successful campaign through Babylonia, which he brought under his protect- orate. His western campaigns seem, how'ever, to have added little of solid result to his father's work. (3) SitALMANESER IV. (B.C. 727-722) succeeded Tiglathpileser, but his relation to the latter is not known. Most scanty notes of his reign have come down to us in the Assyrian annals, and the Old Testament is almost the sole source (II. Kings xvii.-xviii.) . At the beginning of his reign he had a campaign in the neighbor- hood of Damascus. In B.C. 725 Hoshea of Israel refused tribute, relying upon Eg;s'ptian aid, and Shalmaneser proceeded to destroy the little State. He laid sie.ge to its capital. Samaria, which held out stubbornly for three years and was finally captured by his successor, Sargon (or possibly by Shalmaneser himself shortly before his death). Josephus also refers to a five years' siege of Tyre, but this is not corroborated. No historical inscriptions of Shalmaneser I. have Ijeen found. Tiie elaborate inscriptions of Shalmaneser 11. have been frequently published, especially those portions, such as the so-called 'Black Obelisk,' bearing upon Bible lands. Consult: A'incklcr and Peiser, in Kcilinscliriftliche Bibliotlick, i. (Leip- zig, 1889) ; Scheil, in Records of the Past, new series, iv. (London, 1888). SHAM A, shil'ma (Hind, shama) . A thrush- like bird (Vopsychus macrnra) of India, where it is regarded as the finest of local song-birds, and is constantlj' caught and caged. Its colors are in the male black and chestnut, but those of the female are paler. One species inhabits the Phil- ippines. Consult English Illustrated Magazine, May, 1893. SHAMANISM, .shii'mon-iz'm (Pers. sha- man, idolater). The name applied to the religion of certain Ural-Altaic peoples, as Finns, Hunga- rians, Turks, Mongolians, and Tunguses, but chief- ly those of Northwestern Asia. At present. Sha- manism is best represented by the practices of the Tunguses. According to them there are three spiritual realms, heavenly, earthly, and subter- ranean. The earthly realm is on the surface of the earth; the other two consist of stories above and below the earth's surface. The good spirits live above or on the earth ; the evil, below (within) it. The upper world of light is com- posed of seventeen such stories or heavens : the lower world of darkness, of seven (or nine) hells. Above live the greatest lords, leans, gods, good spirits, and blessed ghosts; below, devils, demons, kobolds, goblins, gnomes, swan-maidens, and the damned. These were the first creations. The world was created by Kaira Kan, the highest god. The first man had evil designs and conse- quently lost his ethereal nature, but Kaira. out of compassion, created earth for him, till his continued impiety caused him to be banished into the darkness. This man was Erlik, who became the lord of hell. But Kaira made other men to live on the earth, thus creating the nine an- cestors of the nine races of men. Erlik, however, misled them, so that Kaira resolved to leave men to themselves hereafter; but the god again con- demned Erlik to live in the under world, while he made for himself the upper world of seventeen heavens. Seeing this, Erlik made a last effort to be as great as Kaira, and also created a heaven; but Kaira shattered it and this time thrust Erlik down to live forever in the next to the lowest world of darkness, ascending himself to his permanent abode in the seventeenth heaven. From Kaira came as emanations the. three highest .gods, Bai Uelgan. who lives in the sixteenth heaven. Kysagan, in the ninth heaven, and Mergen. in the se^•enth heaven, where also lives the mother sun, while the father moon lives in the sixth heaven. The demiurge creator dwells in the fifth heaven, and Bai Ueigiin's two sons in the third heaven. Here, in the third heaven, is the spring of all life, 'the sea of milk,' the mountain of the gods, and the para- dise to which go the souls of the virtuous and the blessed. Beneath this realm is that of Jersu, earth it- self, conceived as an animate spiritual crea-