Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/699

STORlff. 603 STORM AND WEATHER SIGNALS. NE. Winds SE. Winds wart (Dresden, 1805) ; Robertson, in The Gentle- man's Magazine (London, 1895) ; and Kemer, Theodor Storm als norddeutscher Dichter (Ber- lin, 1897). STORM AND STRESS (Ger. ,^turm und DraiKj) . Tlie name of .an emancipatory move- ment in German literature. It received the title from that of a typical drama by Klinger ( 1776) , who wrote under the intluence of Rousseau, with 'originality' and "genius' as his watchwords. To this movement belong Goethe's GiJtz von lierlich- ingen, Schiller's Die /?«»6ec, and countless works of similar striving but inferior worth. See German Literature. STORM AND -WEATHER SIGNALS. Flags, semaphores, lanterns, steam Avhistles, and other devices exhibited or sounded to inform mariners and others of storms or weather condi- tions. The display of such warnings resulted from the personal studies in more or less eoope ration about the middle of the nineteentli cen- tury. Storm and weather signals, properly so called, began to be displa.yed about 1863 in Eng- land by Captain Fitzroy ; in France by Leverrier ; and in Belgium by Buys- Ballot. The Ameri- can system of obser- vations began in 1870 and storm signals were first displayed in the autumn of 1871. At the present time every civilized nation and every port of any importance has some method of signaling or otherwise informing navigators of approaching storms. Among the systems that are now in use are the following: The semaphore is a simple vertical post having two or more arms attached that can be set at diflerent angles with the vertical. The sema- phore was introduced as a telegraphic apparatus about 1790, and numerous semaphore stations are still maintained in Europe and in various colonies. See Signaling and Telegraphing, MiLiT.RY, for illustration. The Dutch and Belgian aeroclinoscope (q.v.), is a modified semaphore, in which the po- sition of the arm indicates the direction of the barometric gradient and consequently of the wind that is nearly perpendicular to that. The British system of storm warnings utilizes a cone by day and three red lights, arranged as a triangle, by night. If the cone point downward it indicates a storm-wind from the southeast, veer- ing through south to the northwest. If the cone point upward it indicates a northwest gale veer- ing through the north to northeast. The German system consists of cones and double cones by day, and a single red lantern by night. The accompanying diagram sliows the ar- rangement of the cones. The change in direction of the wind is indicated by red ilags. If the wind is expected to vary from west of north to east, a single flag is raised; if the movement is in the opposite direction, two flags. Vol. XVIII.— 39. Direction of Storm. SW NW ? F P Wind moving WIiul moving Irumwcyt from east tu eactt to west SE ▼ GERMAN Cftutionary tiigiml GERMAN STORM BIGI4ALS. The symbols and signals used at the ports of the Orient depend upon the nationality of the port. The arrangement of flags used in the United States by the United States Weather Bureau for storm warnings differs from that for ^veather forecasts and is shown in the accompanying il- lustrations. Storm warnings NW. 'Winds SW. AVinda EXPLANATION OF UNITF.II ^TATES WEATHER BUREAU STORM AN'D ULIUtKANC WARNINGS. Storw Warning. A red flap- with a black centre indicates that a storm of marked violence is expected. The pennants displayed with the flags indicate the direction of the wind ; red, easterly (from northeast to south): white, westerly (from southwest to north). The pennant above the flag indicates that the wind is expected to blow from the northerly quadrants; below, from the southerly quadrants. By night a red light indicates easterly winds, and a white light above a red light, westerly winds. Hurricane Warning. Two red flags with black centres, displayed one above the other, indicate the expected ap- proach of a tropical hurricane, or one of those extremely severe and dangerous storms which occasionally move across the lakes and northern Atlantic coast. No night hurricane warnings are displayed. Signals for the weather forecasts are as fol- lows: South Cone. North Cone. BRITISH STORM SIGNALS. X(» N.1 No. 4. ^^^ Itain Local Rain Tem- or .Snow. or Snow. perature. INTERPRETATION OF DISPLAYS. alone, indicates fair weather, stationary tempera- No, ture. I No. 2, alone, indicates rain or snow, stationary tempera- ture. No. 3. alone, indicates local rain or snow, stationary temperature. No. 1, with No. 4 above it, indicates fair weather, warmer. No. 1, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair weather, colder. No. 2, with No. 4 above it, indicates rain or snow, warmer. No. 2, with No. 4 below it, indicates rain or snow, colder. No. 3, with No. 4 above It, indicates local rain or snow, wanner. No. 3, with No. 4 below it, indicates local rain or snow, colder. When a steam -whistle is used for weather signals a warning blast of from 15 to 20 seconds*