Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/715

STRATTON. 617 STRATISS. teen pounds, and he was less than two feet hiph. In 1863 he was mariied to Lavinia Waiicii (q.v.), also a dwarf, and in coniiiany with Minnie Warren and 'Commodore' Nutt, they exhihited themselves far and wide. STRATTTM (Lat., pavement, coverlet, bed). The term applied in geulogy to the smallest subdivision of sedimentary rocks, practically synonymous with layer, seam, and bed. The distinctive characteristics of a stratum are homogeneity of composition and separation from adjacent beds or strata by well-marked divi- sional planes called bedding planes. A stratum represents a single uninterrupted period of ac- cumulation, while the bedding planes are caused by longer or shorter pauses in the process. See Geology. STRATJBING, strou'bing. A town of Bavaria, Germany, 2.'! miles southeast of Regensburg, on the right bank of the Danube (Map; Germany, E 4). The late Gothic Church of Saint James contains some notable paintings. The town has important manufactures of brick, lime, and ce- ment. There are breweries and tanneries. Its population, in 1000, was 17,454, mostly Roman Catholic. Straubing stands on the site of the Roman colony i^orhiodiiriiin. The present town dates from 1208, when Louis I. erected the Stadt-Tliurm, which is still standing. STRAITS, strous, Oscar Solomon (1850—). An American diplomat, born at Otterberg, in Rhenisli IJavaria. He came to the United States in 1854, and lived in Georgia until the close of the Civil War. He was educated at Columbia University. In 1887-89 he was Minister to Tur- key, and so distinguished himself that in 1897 he was reappointed to the same position by President McKinley. remaining there till 1900. On January 14. 1902, he was named a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague to till the place left vacant by the death of ex-President Harrison. His published works include: Tile Oririin of the Rrpubliean Form of (lovcrnmeHt in the United States (1886) ; Roger Williams, the Pioneer of Rcliqious Liberty (1894); The Development of Rclifiious Liherty in the United States (1896) ; and Reform in the Consular Hcrvice (1897). STRAUSS, David Friedrich (1808-74). A distinguished German theological and philo- sophical writer, born at Ludwigsburg, near Stuttgart. He was educated in the evangelical seminary of Blaubouren (where F. C. Baur was then teaching) , whence he passed to the University of Ttibingen. Here his religious con- victions became disturbed. The theories of Schelling, of Jakob Biihme, and, finally, of Schleiermacher and Hegel successively claimed his allegiance. He left the university in 1830 to become assistant pastor of a small church and then taught in the seminary at Maul- bronn. Here he remained but six months, and then went to Berlin in order to hear Schleier- macher and Hegel. The death of Hegel and Schleiermacher's apparent lack of sympathy de- termined him to quit Berlin after a very brief stay to take up the work of a 'repetenf at Tu- bingen (1832). Here his lectures on Hegelianism attracted attention. His skepticism was now quite pronounced, since his view of Hegelianism, which he accepted as the final philosophy, made a miraculous Christianity impossible. His the- ory of the origins of Christianity was formu- lated in the work that made him famous, Das hchen Jesu, kritisch bearhcilrl (1835-30; Eng. trans, by George Eliot, 1846), in which he sought to explain tlie Ciosjjel history on the mythical theory. The work aroused a storm of opposition, but nevertheless had a widespread inlUienee. In consequence of his views, he was removed from his |>iisition and given a subordi- nate plai'e in tlie Lyceum of Ludwigsburg. From 1S36 until his death Strauss lived a somew'hat wandering life, holding no position, though he had accepted, in 1839, an appointment in the University of Zurich, which position, on account of popular opposition, he had not been permitted to fill. Because of his interest in the political agita- tions of the times he was elected a member of the Wiirttemberg Diet in 1848. But he was not sufficiently radical for his constituents and so iTsigned. His second chief work. Die christliche Glaubenslehre in ihrer geschichtliehen Entmcke- luiirj und im Kampf mit der modernen Wissen- schaft dargcKtellt, was even more skeptical than his Leben Jesu. After the publication in 1848 of Hechs theologiseh-poliiische Volksreden Strauss turned from theological to literary criticism and biography. He wrote critical biographies of Schubart (1849), Marklin (18511. Frischlin (1855), Ulrieh von Hutten (1857, 4th ed. 1878), Reimarus (1862), and Voltaire (1870. 5th ed. 1877), the last a work of remarkable merit. Not until 1864 did he again turn to theology, when he published Das Leben Jesu fur- das deutsche Volk, following it in the next year by Die Halben und die Ganzen and Der Christua des GUinbens und der Jesus der Qeschiehte. His last work was Der alte und der neue Glauhe, ein Belcenntnis (1872. 11th ed. 1881). In these last works Strauss gave up entirely the faith he once may have had in Christianity. Strauss's popularity was doubtless due as much to his clear and captivating style as to any logical force in his arguments. His Gesammelte Sehriften were edited with an Introduction by his friend Eduard Zeller (Bonn, 1876-78. 12 vol's.). For bis life, consult: Zeller, D. F. Strauss in seinem Leben und seinen Sehrif- ten (Bonn. 1874) : Hausrath, D. F. Strauss und die Theologie seiner Zeit (Heidelberg. 1876-78). STRAUSS, .loHANN, the Elder (1804-49). An Austrian composer of dance music, born in Vi- enna. He received an imperfect musical educa- tion. In 1819 he was received into Pamer's or- chestra, and four years later joined the celebrated Lanner Quartet as viola-player. He subsequently became assistant conductor of Lanner's orchestra, but in 1824 started an independent organization, with which he played at various resorts, and tliiough which he gave to the world the waltzes which made him famous. In 1845 he was ap- pointed conductor of the Court balls at Vienna. Conspicuous among the 1.52 waltzes which he published were the "Lorelei." "Gabri- elen," "Taglioni." "Victoria," "Kettenbriicken," Bajaderen," and the "Donau-Lieder." Both as conductor and as composer he succeeded in rais- ing the dance form to an artistic plane, before unknown. STRAUSS, .ToHANN, the Younger (1825-99). A distinguished Austrian composer, born in